Phytobia unica: (93) hypandrium; (94) phallus, lateral view; (95) phallus, ventral view; P. mentula: (96) hypandrium; (97) phallus, lateral view; P. guatemalensis: (98) surstylus; (99) hypandrium; (100) phallus, ventral view; (101) ejaculatory apodeme; P. pipinna: (102) hypandrium; (103) phallus, lateral view; P. peruensis: (104) phallus, lateral view; P. spinulosa: (105) surstylus; (106) phallus, lateral view; (107) phallus, ventral view. Figs 93–95 modified from Spencer and Stegmaier Jr (1973), Figs 96, 97, 102, 103 modified from Sasakawa (1992c), Figs 98–100 modified from Sasakawa (2005), Fig. 104 modified from Spencer (1977), Figs 105–107 modified from Sasakawa (1992b).