The bat fauna (Mammalia: Chiroptera) of Carlos Botelho State Park, Atlantic Forest of Southeastern Brazil, including new distribution records for the state of São Paulo

Carlos Botelho State Park (PECB) is a large remnant of Atlantic Forest in Southeastern Brazil, with more than 37,000 ha. As its bat fauna is still unknown, we performed the first bat survey on PECB, to provide data on the distribution, natural history and taxonomy of the species. Fieldwork was conducted monthly, from October 2016 to September 2017. Captures were made using ground-level mist-nets (39600 m2.h), canopy mist-nets (2017.5 m2.h) and searches for roosts (42 hours).We captured 412 bats from 34 species of Phyllostomidae, Molossidae and Vespertilionidae. A total of 11 species were captured only in ground-level mist-nets, five in canopy mist-nets, and seven in roosts. Dermanura cinerea Gervais, 1856, Eptesicus taddeii Miranda, Bernardi & Passos, 2006, Glyphonycteris sylvestris Thomas, 1896 and Lampronycteris brachyotis (Dobson, 1879) are rare on surveys conducted in the Atlantic Forest of São Paulo and were captured in canopy mist-nets. Micronycteris schmidtorum Sanborn, 1935 and Molossus currentium Thomas, 1901 constitute the first record for the state of São Paulo, and were captured in canopy mist-nets and roosts, respectively. The species richness registered for PECB surpasses other surveys conducted in Atlantic Forest localities that use only ground-level mist-nets. Our results reinforce the importance of employing mixed capture methods, such as elevated mist-nets and searches for roosts.


INTRODUCTION
The Atlantic Forest includes a large variety of phytophysiognomies, leading to an expressive environmental diversity, which has provided conditions for the occurrence of numerous species, resulting in the establishment of an extremely rich biotic complex (Campanili and Schaffer 2010). Due to its large biological diversity, the biome has been recognized as one of the 25 biodiversity hot spots, and one of the richest ecological regions in the world (Myers et al. 2000, Campanili andSchaffer 2010).
Currently, Atlantic Forest remnants comprise 28% of their original area, considering all the successional stages and phytophysiognomies: forests, natural grasslands, restingas and mangroves (MMA 2006, Rezende et al. 2018). However, forest remnants larger than 100 ha correspond to about 8% of the original biome's size, and the combined area of the 232,939 native forest fragments, larger than 3 ha, total 11.4% of the original area; additionally, only 30% of the total remnants are located inside protected areas (147,018 km 2 -Fundação SOS Mata Atlântica 2012, Rezende et al. 2018). This is the consequence of a history of exploitation of the biome and represents a threat to the Atlantic Forest biodiversity. These threats include the anthropic influence on the environment integrity, deforestation and loss of habitat; illegal activities and overexploitation of species for human use; and introduction of exotic species; and other disturbances (Pinto and Brito 2005, Tabarelli et al. 2005, Brito 2006). These factors continue to push many species to the threshold of extinction (Pinto and Brito 2005, Tabarelli et al. 2005, Brito 2006).
Randomized accumulation curves were constructed to assess the completeness of sampling effort and compare different survey techniques, according to Cowell et al. (2012), using the software R (R Core Team 2019).

Analysis of the sampling
We captured 412 bats, distributed into three families and 34 species (Table 1). Among them, we recorded 22 species on 39,600 m 2 .h of ground-level mist-nets (304 captures; Fig. 2), 14 species on 2,018 m 2 .h of canopy mist-nets (41 captures; Fig. 2), and 11 species on 42 hours of search for roosts (67 captures; Fig. 3). The number of species recorded for the PECB is higher than that obtained for most localities in the Atlantic Forest of Southeastern Brazil (Table 2). The comparison of our results with the results obtained in other surveys ratify the importance of multiple methods for a more comprehensive sampling of the bat diversity.
The randomized accumulation curve of ground-level mistnets captures showed a slight tendency to level off, however,  the curve is still in an accumulation stage (Fig. 2). Effectiveness of this sampling technique, however, is directly related to phyllostomid captures, with other families usually under-represented (Simmons andVoss 1998, Bergallo et al. 2003). Curves of canopy mist-net and roost captures, on the other hand, were clearly in an accumulation stage (Figs 2,3), showing that more effort could lead to an increase in the species list presented here, mainly by the addition of rare species, as reported in other studies (see Voss and Emmons 1996, Simmons and Voss 1998, Feijó and Rocha 2017, Gregorin et al. 2017. Besides the accumulation curves, the number of captures should also be considered when analyzing the completeness of the sampling effort. According to Bergallo et al. (2003), at least 1000 captures are necessary to sample the majority of phyllostomid species in Atlantic Forest areas. Thus, despite presenting a high richness, a larger sampling period and additional captures could also increase the number of species registered in PECB. According to Arnone (2008), even though 2,002 captures and 35 species were registered in Parque Estadual Turístico do Alto Ribeira, São Paulo, a higher number of species possibly occur in the area. Among the 34 species reported, 11 were obtained exclusively with ground-level mist nets, five exclusively with canopy mist-nets, and seven exclusively with the search for roosts. Additionally, the first occurrence records for Micronycteris schmidtorum Sanborn, 1935 and Molossus currentium Thomas, 1901 for the state of São Paulo, along with all other molossids captured, were made with canopy nets or search for roosts. Molossids are rarely captured in ground-level mist-nets due to its foraging habits (Kalko et al. 1996, Simmons and Voss 1998, Gregorin et al. 2017. Few species rarely registered in the state of São Paulo, such as Dermanura cinerea Gervais, 1856, Eptesicus taddeii, Glyphonycteris sylvestris Thomas, 1896 and Lampronycteris brachyotis (Dobson, 1879) (see Garbino 2016), were also captured with those complementary methods.
The employment of mixed methodologies for bat sampling also showed positive results in other studies and it has been encouraged by many authors (Simmons and Voss 1998, Feijó and Rocha 2017, Gregorin et al. 2017. Beyond the role in complementing the species list, the rate of bats captured in the canopy (one capture for each 49.2 m 2 .h) was higher than that in the ground-level nets (one capture for each130.2 m 2 .h). The complementary methods used methodologies allowed to register rarely captured species, and provided complementary and more robust information on their abundance. The selectivity of the ground-level mist-nets could lead to the misinterpretation of species abundance, once species rarely captured in ground-level mist-nets do not necessarily present low local abundances and could be more efficiently sampled with different methods (Feijó Figure 2. Individual-based species accumulation curve of bat species captured in Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho with 39,600 m 2 .h of ground-level mist-nets (Blue), and with 2017.5 m 2 .h of canopy mist-nets (Red); the analysis of the curve indicates that it is still in a accumulation stage. Error bars show confidence interval (95%). and Rocha 2017). Therefore, we encourage the use of mixed methodologies and reinforce that continued survey on the Park could enlarge the species list and provide additional information on the local species.

Taxonomic accounts
Below we provide the list of species, identification, morphology description, distribution and natural history notes for all the species captured on PECB. The taxonomic arrangement and nomenclature follow Nogueira et al. (2014), with the updates made by Nogueira et al. (2018).

Phyllostomidae Gray, 1825
Micronycterinae Baker, Hood & Honeycutt, 1989 Lampronycteris brachyotis (Dobson, 1879) Taxonomy. Lampronycteris Sanborn is a monotypic genus represented by L. brachyotis Dobson, 1879. It is morphologically similar to Glyphonycteris O. Thomas, 1896, Micronycteris Gray, 1866, Neonycteris Sanborn, 1949, and Trinycteris Sanborn, 1949, which also occur in Brazil Genoways 2008, Nogueira et al. 2014). Lampronycteris can be distinguished from Micronycteris by the lack of an interauricular band of skin connecting the ears (present in Micronycteris); from Neonycteris by the larger size (forearm > 35mm in Lampronycteris); from Trinycteris by the calcar equal or larger than foot, and for the ear larger than 16 mm; and from Glyphonycteris also by the calcar equal or larger than foot, and for shorter and narrower upper incisors (which are similar to canines in Glyphonycteris - Williams and Genoways 2008, Díaz et al. 2016, López-Baucells et al. 2016). The PECB specimen (ZSP 040; see Table 3 for measurements) has the diagnostic characters previously described for L. brachyotis (see Sanborn 1949, Medellín et al. 1985, Nogueira et al. 2007b, Williams and Genoways 2008, including: pointed ears lacking an interauricular band of skin; calcar slightly longer than foot; upper incisors shorter and in line with canines; dorsal fur bicolored, with pale-orange basis and orange-brown tips; head, throat and chest bright orange; the ventral fur pale orange with white regions caused by the absence of melanocytes (piebaldism); ears, wings and membranes dark brown (wings and membranes also presented some white spots).
Distribution. In Brazil the species occurs in the Amazon, Cerrado and Atlantic Forest biomes, in the states of Acre, Amazonas, Goiás, Rondônia, Pará, Tocantins, Piauí, Bahia, Espírito Santo, São Paulo, Mato Grosso, and Paraná (Tavares et al. 2008, Brandão et al. 2016, Reis et al. 2017. In São Paulo the species is known for two southern localities (Garbino 2016). This is the third record for the species in the state.
Field observations. The only specimen was captured in May. It is an adult non-reproductive female captured in a mistnet suspended 8 m over a small stream in sampling site M5 (Appendix 1). Miller, 1898 Fig. 5 Taxonomy. Eight species of Micronycteris Gray, 1866, occur in Brazil (Nogueira et al. 2014). They are divided in two groups: the "pale venter"species, which includes M. brosseti Simmons & Voss, 1998, M. homezorum Pirlot, 1967, M. minuta (Gervais, 1856, M. sanborni Simmons, 1966, and M. schmidtorum;and the "dark venter" species, including M. hirsuta (W. Peters, 1869), M. megalotis Gray, 1842, andM. microtis Miller, 1898. These groups can also be separated by the interauricular band height -high in most species of the "pale venter" group, and low in the "dark venter" group (Simmons et al. 2002). Specimens from PECB with ventral fur light brown (dark venter), similar to the dorsum in coloration, and low interauricular band, were identified as M. microtis (ZSP 011, 028; see Table 3 for measurements). The forearm length in this species is shorter than 35 mm, differing from M. hirsuta (forearm larger than 41 mm - Simmons et al. 2002, Williams and Genoways 2008, Díaz et al. 2016. Micronycteris microtis is distinguished from M. megalotis by the length of the ears (< 21 mm in M. microtis, and > 18.5 mm in M. megalotis); the length of the fur on lower third of marginal surface of pinna (< 3.9 mm in M. microtis, and > 4.1 mm in M. megalotis); and the length of dorsal fur over the upper back (< 11.3 mm in M. microtis, and > 9.1 mm in M. megalotis -Simmons and Voss 1998, Williams and Genoways 2008, Moras et al. 2015. Specimens from PECB have brownish pelage, with the dorsal fur bicolored, and a light brown basal band and mid brown distal band; ventral fur coloration is weakly bicolored, similar to the dorsal pelage. The measurements of specimens from PECB were all within the range of M. microtis: length of ears averaging 21.5 mm; length of the fur on pinna 3 mm; length of dorsal fur averaging 11 mm; and low interauricular band, with a shallow notch.
Field observations. We captured one adult male and one adult female of M. microtis, which were both taken in ground-level mist-nets in sampling sites M3 and M16 (Appendix 1). Captures occurred in October and February. Sanborn, 1935   sanborni the band is high and deep-notched, the calcar is equal or smaller than the hindfoot, and the dorsal fur is smaller than 7 mm (Simmons andVoss 1998, Williams andGenoways 2008 Table 3 for measurements) presented all the characters described for M. schmidtorum. The dorsal fur (ca 7.5 mm) is bicolored with light brown basis and nut-brown tips, the venter is tricolored with whitish basis and tips, and a brown mid band. The posterior surface of the forearm and the proximal third of the uropatagium are sparsely furred. Intermediate interauricular band with moderate notch. The calcar is larger than the foot, and fur length outside of medial third of pinna reaches 5.5 mm. Distribution. The species was previously recorded in the Amazon, Caatinga, Cerrado and Atlantic Forest, in the states of Amapá, Amazonas, Pará, Tocantins, Mato Grosso, Maranhão, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Alagoas, Sergipe, Bahia, and Minas Gerais (Rocha et al. 2017a). Our specimen represents the first record of M. schmidtorum for São Paulo, extending the species distribution in more than 700 km southward from the southernmost locality, in the Parque Estadual do Rio Doce, Minas Gerais (Tavares and Taddei 2003) (Fig. 16).

Micronycteris schmidtorum
Field observations. We captured one adult male in October, which was taken in a mist-net elevated 8 m over a wide trail in sampling site M4 (Appendix 1).

Desmodontinae J.A. Wagner, 1840
Desmodus rotundus (É. Geoffroy, 1810) Fig. 7 Taxonomy. Desmodus rotundus is the only species in Desmodus Wied-Newied, 1826. Desmodontinae also includes other two species, Diaemus youngii (Jentink, 1893) and Diphylla ecaudata Spix, 1823 (Kwon and Gardner 2008), all occurring in Brazil. Desmodus rotundus can be distinguished from the other two by the presence of an elongated thumb with two rounded basal pads (D. youngii also presents an elongated thumb, but only one pad, while D. ecaudata presents a small thumb without pads). Desmodus rotundus also differs from D. youngii by the presence of a tiny calcar, which is absent in D. youngii (Kwon andGardner 2008, López-Baucells et al. 2016). Specimens from PECB (ZSP 006, 031; see Table 3 for measurements) have dark brown dorsal fur, with whitish basis and dark brown tips, ventral fur bicolored, with a gray basis and whitish/silver tips, elongated thumb with two basal pads.
Distribution. In Brazil the species is recorded in all biomes and states (Tavares et al. 2008, Reis et al. 2017. In São Paulo, the species is widely distributed, occurring in all the vegetational formations, and also in urban areas (Garbino 2016).
Field observations. We captured 18 individuals (5 males and 13 females) of D. rotundus, of which 16 were taken in February, March, April, June, July, August and October in ground-level mist-nets in sampling sites M2, M14, M16, M18, M19, M23, M24, M25, M29, M34, M36 and M39, in different elevations and Table 3. Selected measurements (mm) and weigth (g) for specimens of Micronycterinae and Desmodontinae from PECB, São Paulo state, Brazil. * Mean values from Tavares and Taddei (2003) and Rocha et al. (2017)  Taxonomy. This species can be separated from D. rotundus and D. youngii as described above and by presence of a shorter and well-furred uropatagium. Diphylla ecaudata also differs from D. youngii by the presence of a short calcar and absence of white tips on the wings (Kwon and Gardner 2008). Specimens from PECB (ZSP 039, 049; see Table 3 for measurements) presented a bicolored dorsal fur, with light brown basis and brown tips, bicolored venter, with light brown basis and grayish tips, forearm, legs and uropatagium furred, tiny calcar, reduced thumbs.
Field observations.Three males and one female were captured in April, June, August and September in mist-nets set at ground-level in sampling sites M17, M25, M28 and M34 (Appendix 1).

Phyllostominae Gray, 1825
Mimon bennettii (Gray, 1838) Taxonomy. Mimon bennettii (Gray, 1838) is the only species of Mimon (Gray, 1847) registered in Brazil (Hurtado andPacheco 2014, Nogueira et al. 2014). The species most resembles Gardneryceteris crenulatum (É, Geoffroy, 1803) in the external morphology. The diagnosis of these species is based on the morphology of the noseleaf, which is smooth in M. bennettii and serrated in G. crenulatum, and the dorsal color, that is mid brown with lighter reddish venter and no dorsal stripe in M. bennettii, and dorsal fur dark brown with a single white stripe and yellowish brown ventral fur in G. crenulatum (see Ortega and Arita 1997, Nogueira et al. 2007bHurtado and Pacheco 2014.The specimen from PECB (ZSP 041; see Table 5 for measurements) fits in the description of M.bennettii. The general coloration is reddish, and dorsal fur is bicolored, with mid brown basal band and reddish-brown distal band. The venter is weakly bicolored, with general reddish light brown coloration. The wings are attached along the tibia, the ears are pointed and well developed, and noseleaf is also well developed and smooth. The tail extends until the middle of the uropatagium.
Distribution. The species is recorded in all Brazilian biomes, except Pampas, occurring in the states of Amapá, Piauí, Bahia, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Goiás, Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná, and Santa Catarina (Tavares et al. 2008, Reis et al. 2017. The type locality of the species is Ipanema, in São Paulo, where the species is distributed on the central, eastern and southeastern regions, including areas of dense ombrophilous forests, seasonal semideciduos forests, Cerrado, and transition areas (Garbino 2016).
Field observations. We captured one non-reproductive female in May, with a ground-level mist-net crossing a wide stream in sampling site M18 (Appendix 1).
Trachops cirrhosus (Spix, 1823) Taxonomy. Monotypic, T. cirrhosus is easily distinguished from other members of Phyllostominae by the elongated papillae-like projections around the mouth Engstrom 2001, Williams andGenoways 2008). The dorsal fur of the PECB specimens (ZSP 024; see Table 5 for measurements) is grayish brown, with light brown basis; the ventral fur is slightly lighter than dorsal fur, with whitish gray basis and gray tips. The ears are rounded and well developed, the tail reaches the middle of the interfemoral membrane and the margins of noseleaf are serrated.
Field observations, We captured two males and one female of T. cirrhosus, which were taken in ground-level mist-nets in sampling sites M4, M10 and M16 (Appendix 1). Captures occurred in January and February, with one lactating female captured on January.
Glossophaga soricina (Pallas, 1766) Taxonomy. Three species of Glossophaga É. Geoffroy, 1818 occur in Brazil: G. commissarisi Gardner, 1962, G. longirostris Miller, 1898, and G. soricina (Pallas, 1766 (Nogueira et al. 2014). The diagnosis is based mainly on tooth morphology: G. soricina and G. longirostris can be distinguished from G. commissarisi by the position and shape of incisors; lower incisors are larger and usually in contact, forming a complete arc between canines in the first two species, and reduced with distinct gaps between them in G. commissarisi; upper incisors greatly procumbent in the first two, and not procumbent in G. commissarisi. Glossophaga soricina has inner upper incisors larger than the outer in oclusal view and spatulated lower incisors while G. longirostris has inner upper incisors about the same size of the outer and large and weakly cusped lower incisors (Webster 1993, Nogueira et al. 2007a, López-Baucells et al. 2016. Specimens from PECB (ZSP 060; see Table 5 for measurements) fit in the description of G. soricina and have a bicolored dorsal fur, with light brown basis and nut-brown tips, bicolored ventral fur with light brown basis and nut-brown tips. The rostrum is short and the lower lip is grooved and surrounded by small warts.
Distribution. In Brazil, the species is recorded in all biomes and states (Tavares et al. 2008, Reis et al. 2017. In São Paulo, the species is also widely distributed, occurring in all vegetational formations (Garbino 2016).
Field observations. We captured one adult male in September in a building roof, in sampling site S17 (Appendix 1). We captured one M. rufus in the same roost.

Carolliinae Miller, 1924
Carollia perspicillata (Linnaeus, 1758) Taxonomy. Carollia Gray, 1838 is represented in Brazil by C. benkeithi Solari & Baker, 2006, C. brevicauda (Schinz, 1821 and C. perspicillata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Nogueira et al. 2014). The forearm is usually dorsally furred and can reach 45 mm in C. perspicillata and 42 mm in C. brevicauda, and is naked and shorter than 39 mm in C. benkeithi; the dorsal fur have a marked banding in C. perspicillata and C. brevicauda, and lacks a sharply defined banding in C. benkeithi; and the ventral fur is unicolored in C. perspicillata and slightly bicolored in C. brevicauda, while it is short with browntipped bicolored hairs in C. benkeithi (Allen 1890, Cloutier and Thomas 1992, Simmons and Voss 1998, Solari and Baker 2006, López-Baucells et al. 2016, Ruelas 2017. The effectiveness of the diagnostic characters between C. perspicillata and C. brevicauda, both with records in Southeastern Brazil, are still discussed Peracchi 2008, Ruelas 2017). Despite of some variations reported in the literature, useful characters to separate these species are: dorsal fur short in C. perspicillata (5.0-7.0 mm) and longer in C. brevicauda (7.0-8.6 mm); dorsal fur tricolored in C. perspicillata and tetracolored in C. brevicauda; forearm sparsely haired in C. perspicillata and densely haired in C. brevicauda; and tibia length larger than 14 mm in C. perspicillata and smaller than 16 mm in C. brevicauda (see Pine 1972, Cloutier and Thomas 1992, Ruelas 2017, Thomas 2017, Lemos et al. 2020. Specimens from PECB (ZSP 008, 022, 023, 045; see Table  6 for measurements) have well-marked tetracolored dorsal fur, with light brown basal bands (ca 10% of the fur length), followed by a large dark brown band, a light brown band and dark brown tips; the venter is lighter and unicolored (Fig. 17). The well-marked tetracolored dorsal fur diverge from the characters observed by other authors for the species (Pine 1972, Cloutier and Thomas 1992, Dias and Peracchi 2008, Ruelas 2017, Lemos et al. 2020), but the tibia length (averaging 16.8 mm), the dorsal fur length (averaging 6.8 mm), sparsely furred thumb and forearm, and skull features and measurements (Table 6) conforms to previous descriptions of C. perspicillata.
Distribution. In Brazil the species is widely distributed, recorded in all biomes and states (Tavares et al. 2008, Reis et al. 2017. In São Paulo, the species is widely distributed, occurring in all the vegetational formations (Garbino 2016). Glyphonycterinae Baker, Solari, Cirranello & Simmons, 2016 Glyphonycteris sylvestris Thomas, 1896 Fig. 15 Taxonomy. Glyphonycteris Thomas is represented in Brazil by G. behnii (Peters, 1856), G. daviesi (Hill, 1965) and G. sylvestris Thomas, 1896(Nogueira et al. 2014). The validity of G. sylvestris is still debaTable, once Simmons and Voss (1998) suggested that G. behnii could be a senior synonym of G. sylvestris based on results obtained by Simmons (1996), which examined two specimens from Peruvian Amazonia referred as G. behnii and concluded that forearm and skull measurements of those specimens overlap the values registered for G. sylvestris. Gregorin et al. (2011b), however, suggests that if the estimates of Simmons (1996) on forearm length of the Peruvian specimens recorded by Andersen (1906) are correct, these specimens should be considered G. sylvestris with occurrence restricted to tropical forest environments and G. behnii would be restricted to Brazilian Cerrado -the type locality of the species (Cuiabá, Mato Grosso state). Glyphonycteris daviesi is the larger species in the genus and can be separated by the larger forearm length (> 52 mm in G. daviesi, < 44 mm in G. sylvestris and between 44 and 47 mm in G. behnii); presence of one pair of upper incisors while the other species have two pairs; and by the unicolored dorsal fur, that is tricolored in the other two species (Simmons and Voss 1998, Nogueira et al. 2007b, Williams and Genoways 2008. Glyphonycteris sylvestris can be separated from G. behnii by forearm length and skull measurements (FA < 44 mm, GLS < 22 mm in G. sylvestris, and FA > 44 mm GLS > 21 mm in G. behnii -Williams and Genoways 2008, Gregorin et al. 2011b). Specimens from PECB (ZSP 033, 042; see Table 5 for measurements) have tricolored dorsal fur, with gray basal band, followed by a pale gray mid band and dark gray tips, bicolored ventral fur with a gray basal band and light gray distal band. Ears are medium-size and pointed, the tail does not reach the edge of interfemoral membrane, and calcar is smaller than foot. Incisors chisel-shaped resemble canines on size; and premolars of same size with tips slightly recurved.
Distribution. In Brazil the species is recorded in the Amazon, Cerrado and Atlantic Forest, occurring in the states of Amazonas, Amapá, Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Roraima, São Paulo, and Tocantins (Felix et al. 2016, Reis et al. 2017. In São Paulo, the species is recorded in only two localities, in south and southeastern regions (Garbino 2016).
Field observations. We captured two adult males, in March and May, in mist-nets elevated 8 m over a wide stream, in sampling sites M18 and M24 (Appendix 1).

Stenodermatinae P. Gervais, 1856
Artibeus fimbriatus Gray, 1838  lituratus by the presence of sparse hairs on the dorsal side of the uropatagium, which is densely furred on A. lituratus, presence of ventral frosting (absent in A. lituratus), weakly marked facial stripes (brilliant and well markedwell-marked in A. lituratus), longer dorsal fur, close to 8 mm (6-8 mm in A. lituratus), and sparse hairs on the dorsal side of the forearm, which is densely furred in A. lituratus (Koepcke and Kraft 1984, Marques-Aguiar 1994Haynes and Lee Jr 2004, Dias and Peracchi 2008, Araújo and Langguth 2010. Artibeus fimbriatus can be distinguished from A. planirostris by its larger size, the presence of sparse hairs on the dorsal side of the uropatagium and forearm (almost naked in A. planiostris), by the base of the noseleaf attached to the upper lip (separated in A. planirostris), and longer dorsal fur, close to 8 mm (6-8 mm in A. planirostris - Koepcke and Kraft 1984, Marques-Aguiar 1994, Haynes and Lee Jr 2004, Hollis 2005 Peracchi 2008, Araújo andLangguth 2010).
The PECB specimens (ZSP 027, 037; see Table 6 for measurements) identified as A. fimbriatus have bicolored dorsal fur, with pale brown basis and grayish brown tips, and ventral fur weakly bicolored, with pale basis and frosted tips. Dorsal fur averaging 8.5 mm (7.9-9.3 mm), the forearm and uropatagium are sparsely furred, the noseleaf is attached to the upper lip, the ears and tragus are brown, and the facial stripes are poorly marked.
Distribution. In Brazil, the species is recorded in all biomes, except Amazon, occurring in Distrito Federal and in the states of Ceará, Pernambuco, Sergipe, Bahia, Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Mato Grosso do Sul, Paraná, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul, Paraíba and Maranhão (Reis et al. 2013, Oliveira and Aguiar 2015, Olímpio et al. 2016, Zeppelini et al. 2016. In São Paulo, the species is recorded in the central, south and southeastern regions (Garbino 2016).
Field observations. We recorded 46 specimens, 37 of which ( Taxonomy. The distinction between A. lituratus and A. fimbriatus is discussed above. A. lituratus can be externally distinguished from A. planirostris and A. obscurus by its larger size; well-marked facial stripes (poorly marked to absent on the other two); lack of ventral frosting (present on the other two species); base of the noseleaf attached to the upper lip, while is always separated in A. planirostris and in some A. obscurus; and dorsal side of the uropatagium densely furred, which is almost naked in A. planirostris and A. obscurus. Artibeus lituratus can also be distinguished from A. planirostris by the presence of dense fur on the dorsal side of the forearm (almost naked in A. planirostris). Additionally, A. lituratus has short dorsal fur (6-8 mm), which is longer in A. obscurus (8-10 mm - Koepcke and Kraft 1984, Marques-Aguiar 1994, Haynes and Lee Jr 2004, Hollis 2005, Zortéa 2007, Dias and Peracchi 2008, Araújo and Langguth 2010. The PECB specimens (ZSP 015, 056; see Table 6 for measurements) identified as A. lituratus have bicolored dorsal fur, with grayish brown basal band and chocolate brown tips; ventral fur weakly bicolored with pale brown basis and grayish tips, frosting absent. Uropatagium and forearm are densely furred, the facial stripes are bright and well markedwell-marked, the edge of ears and tragus are yellowish, the dorsal fur ranges from 7.7 to 8.9 mm in lenghtlength and the noseleaf base is attached to the upper lip.
Distribution. In Brazil, the species is recorded in all biomes and states (Tavares et al. 2008, Reis et al. 2017. In São Paulo, the species is also widely distributed, occurring in all the vegetational formations (Garbino 2016).
Field observations. We captured 10 specimens, seven of which (4 males and 3 females) were taken in ground-level mistnets in sampling sites M6, M18, M19, M21, M22 and M32; and three (1 male and 2 females) in mist-nets elevated 8 m in sampling sites M15, M20 and M24 (Appendix 1). Captures occurred in November, January, February, March, May and September. We netted lactating females in January, March and November; and juveniles in September. Taxonomy. The distinction of A. obscurus from A. lituratus and A. fimbriatus is discussed above. Artibeus obscurus and A. planirostris are similar in size and can be externally distinguished using the length of dorsal fur (8-10 mm in A. obscurus, 6-8 mm in A. planirostris), fur on the dorsal side of the forearm (densely furred in A. obscurus and almost naked in A. planirostris), and a more strong ventral frosting in A. obscurus, which is usually darker than A. planirostris (Koepcke and Kraft 1984, Marques-Aguiar 1994 The bat fauna of Carlos Botelho State Park, Atlantic Forest presented bicolored dorsal fur with pale brown basis and grayish dark brown tips, and ventral fur weakly bicolored, with pale basis and frosted tips. Dorsal fur averaging 11 mm (10.35-11.8 mm), forearm densely furred, uropatagium sparsely furred, the base of noseleaf usually free (sometimes attached only at the central portion), ears and tragus are brownish, the facial stripes are poorly marked and a dark mask is present around the eyes. Distribution. In Brazil, the species is recorded in all the biomes except Pampas, in the states of Amazonas, Acre, Rondônia, Pará, Amapá, Roraima, Ceará, Piauí, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Sergipe, Bahia, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná, and Santa Catarina (Reis et al. 2013, Sampaio et al. 2016. In São Paulo, the species is distributed along the coastal Atlantic Forest (Garbino 2016).
Dermanura cinerea Gervais, 1856  Table 7 for measurements) presented bicolored dorsal fur with mid brown basis and dark brown tips, bicolored ventral fur with light brown basis and grayish brown tips, uropatagium almost naked with a shallow notch, and yellowish brown to bright yellow noseleaf and ear edges.
Field observations. One of the eight (5 males and 3 females) individuals was captured in a mist-net elevated 8 m over a stream in sampling site M27, and the other seven were taken in mist-nets set at ground-level in the sampling sites M21, M22, M23, M25, M27 and M28 (Appendix 1). Captures occurred in April, August and September. One pregnant female was captured in August.
The distinction between P. lineatus and P. recifinus is based on several characters, such as: presence of one interramal vibrissae in P. lineatus, absent in P. recifinus; tricolored dorsal fur in P. lineatus, tetracolored in P. recifinus; larger size in P. lineatus (forearm > 45 mm, < 46 mm in P. recifinus); lower incisors bilobed in P. lineatus, trilobed or flat in P. recifinus (Velazco 2005, Dias and Peracchi 2008, Velazco et al. 2010, Díaz et al. 2016). The specimen from PECB (ZSP 032; see Table 7 for measurements) have a tricolored dorsal fur, with a narrow mid-brown basal band, a paler mid band and a mid-brown distal band; ventral fur is light brown. Facial and dorsal stripes are bright and well markedwell-marked, uropatagium has a deep notch and furred edge. Edge of the ears and noseleaf are whitish and one interramal vibrissae is present. Upper inner incisors in contact, and lower incisors in contact, well developed and bilobed.
Field observations. In March we captured one adult female in a mist-net elevated 8 m over a wide stream in sampling site M24 (Appendix 1).

V.C. Cláudio et al.
Platyrrhinus recifinus (Thomas, 1901)  Taxonomy. The diagnosis of P. recifinus is discussed above. The specimen from PECB (ZSP 055; see Table 7 for measurements) has a tetracolored dorsal fur with a narrow light brown band, followed by a brown band, a paler band and a chocolate brown distal band; ventral fur is grayish light brown; facial stripes are bright and well-marked; the uropatagium have a deep notch and furred edge; ears and noseleaf edges are pale; interramal vibrissae absent; and upper inner incisors are separated, and lower incisors are reduced and separated with flat margins.
Distribution. In Brazil, the species is recorded in the Atlantic Forest, Cerrado and Caatinga, in the states of Alagoas, Bahia, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Paraíba, Paraná, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro, and São Paulo (Velazco 2005, Tavares et al. 2008, Reis et al. 2017. In São Paulo, the species is recorded on all the regions, however, in few localities (Garbino 2016).
Field observations. In September we captured one adult male in a mist-net set at ground-level on a wide trail in sampling site M22 (Appendix 1).
Pygoderma bilabiatum (Wagner, 1843) Taxonomy. Pygoderma Peters, 1863 is a monotypic genus represented by P. bilabiatum (Wagner, 1843) (Gardner 2008c). Pygoderma bilabiatum is morphologically similar to A. centurio Gray, 1847, whose occurrence in Atlantic Forest was recently reported (Vilar et al. 2015). Pygoderma bilabiatum can be distin-guished from A. centurio mainly by larger size (forearm > 36 mm in P. bilabiatum and < 33.2 mm in A. centurio), by the presence of a double lip from the base of noseleaf to the corner of mouth (Lim and Engstrom 2001, Vilar et al. 2015, Díaz et al. 2016, and by the presence of "doughnut-shaped" glandular tissue masses surrounding the eyes (Tavares and Tejedor 2009). Specimens from PECB (ZSP 043, 044; see Table 6 for measurements) have tricolored dorsal fur, with a mid-brown basal band, light brown mid band and grayish brown distal band; ventral fur is light brown with white patches on the shoulders. The uropatagium is densely furred, the tragus yellowish, the eyes are well developed, and the double lip is evident.
Distribution. In Brazil the species is recorded in the Atlantic Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado and Pantanal biomes, in the states of Alagoas, Bahia, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso do Sul, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, and São Paulo (Carvalho-Neto et al. 2017, Reis et al. 2017. The type locality of the species is Ipanema, São Paulo state, where the species is widely distributed (Garbino 2016).
Field observations. The three individuals (2 males and 1 female) were captured in May and June, in mist-nets set at ground-level on dirt roads, in sampling sites M31 and M34 (Appendix 1).
Sturnira lilium (É. Geoffroy, 1810)   (Velazco andPatterson 2013, Nogueira et al. 2014). Sturnira magna is one of the largest species of the genus, is recorded only in Acre state, Amazon biome, and can be easily distinguished from the other three congeners in Brazil by the forearm size (> 55 mm in S. magna and < 51 mm in S. giannae, S. lilium and S. tildae) (Giannini and Barquez 2003, Gardner 2008d, Díaz et al. 2016, Velazco and Patterson 2019. Sturnira lilium can be easily distinguished from S. giannae by the length of the ventral fur  (Gannon et al. 1989, Simmons and Voss 1998Lim and Engstrom 2001, Gianinni and Barquez 2003, Gardner 2008d, López-Baucells et al. 2016, Velazco and Patterson 2019. Specimens from PECB (ZSP 002; see Table 7 for measurements) presented a tetracolored dorsal fur, with narrow whitish basis, followed by a light brown band, a paler cream band and a mid-brown distal band, sometimes orangish brown; the contrast between the three first bands is poor, differing from the strong contrast observed in the specimens of S. tildae from PECB (Fig. 30). This condition is divergent from the pattern recorded by other authors -according to Gannon et al. (1989), Lim and Engstrom (2001), López-Baucells et al. (2016) and Velazco and Patterson (2019) the dorsal fur is bicolored in S. lilium. Venter is grayish light brown. Yellow patches on the shoulders were observed in some individuals. The upper inner incisors present large basis and separated narrower tips, bilobed or not; lingual cusps of lower molars are strongly serrated. Distribution. In Brazil, the species is recorded in all biomes except the Amazon, in South, Southeastern, and part of the Northeastern and Center-West regions (Velazco andPatterson 2013, 2019). In São Paulo state, the species is widely distributed, occurring in all the vegetational formations (Garbino 2016).
Field observations. We captured 31 individuals, of which 27 (14 males and 13 females) were taken in mist-nets set at ground-level in sampling sites, M2, M13, M17, M20, M22, M23, M26, M29, M31, M32, M34, M35, M37 and M39, and four males in mist-nets elevated 8 m, in sampling sites M1, M31 and M32 (Appendix 1). Captures occurred in all months except November and December. We captured lactating females in March, May and June; pregnant females in February, September and October; and juveniles in January, April, May, June and August. Taxonomy. The distinction between S. tildae and most congeners is discussed above. Sturnira tildae can be distinguished from S. giannae by the color pattern of the dorsal fur (tetracolored in S. tildae and bicolored in S. giannae); the length of the dorsal fur (> 8 mm in S. tildae and 4-6 mm in S. giannae); and the length of metacarpals III and IV (Met III < IV in S. tildae and Met III = IV in S. giannae -Velazco and Patterson 2019). Specimens from PECB (ZSP 029, 038; see Table 7 for measurements) have tetracolored dorsal fur (Fig. 30), with narrow whitish basis, followed by a blackish dark brown band, a paler cream band and a mid-brown distal band, sometimes orangish brown; the contrast between the three first bands is well marked. As observed in S. lilium, this banding is also divergent from the pattern recorded by some authors -according to Lim and Engstrom (2001) and López-Baucells et al. (2016), the dorsal fur is strongly tricolored in S. tildae. Velazco and Patterson (2019), however, describe the dorsal pelage of S. tildae as tetracolored, this difference may be related to the fact that some authors may not consider the whitish basis (1/10 of total hairs length) of hairs as a valid band; the same seems to occur in S. lilium. The venter is grayish light brown. The upper inner incisors have bases and tips of the same size, in contact and bilobed; lingual cusps of lower molars weakly serrated.
Field observations. The five (2 males and 3 females) individuals were captured in mist-nets set at ground-level in sampling sites M5, M16, M22, M28 and M35 (Appendix 1). Captures occurred in February, April, May, June and September.
Vampyressa pusilla (Wagner, 1843) Taxonomy. In Brazil, Vampyressa Thomas, 1900 is currently represented by V. pusilla (Wagner, 1843) and V. thyone Thomas, 1909(Nogueira et al. 2014). In Brazil, V. thyone was recorded only in Amazon, in the states of Acre, Amapá, Amazônia and Rondônia. Vampyressa pusilla is slightly larger (forearm 32.3 to 36.0 mm) than V. thyone (forearm 29.3 to 34.0 mm). Additional external characters that distinguish these species are hairier legs and forearm in V. pusilla and legs and forearm relatively less furred in V. thyone; dorsal fur longer and clearly extending beyond the uropatagium edge, forming a fringe in V. pusilla, while in V. thyone the fur is shorter not extending beyond the uropatagium edge; noseleaf uniformly brown in V. pusilla and with a yellowish outer edge in V. thyone; and margin of ears faintly paler in V. pusilla and yellow in V. thyone (Lim et al. 2003, Arroyo-Cabrales 2008, Reis et al. 2017). The specimens from PECB (ZSP 058; see Table 7 for measurements) have the set of characters listed above to V. pusilla, and presented a tetracolored dorsal fur, with narrow whitish basis, followed by a mid brownmid-brown band, a paler light brown band and mid brown tips; and venter weakly bicolored, with mid brown basis and grayish brown tips.
Distribution. In Brazil, the species is recorded in the Atlantic Forest, Cerrado and Pantanal biomes, in the states of Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul, Bahia, Alagoas, Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul (Tavares et al. 2008, Reis et al. 2013. In São Paulo the species is represented by few records from sparse localities, but all the vegetational formations (Garbino 2016).
Field observations. In September we captured an adult male in a mist-net set at ground-level on a wide trail in sampling site M21 (Appendix 1).

Molossidae P. Gervais, 1856
Molossinae P. Gervais, 1856 Cynomops abrasus (Temminck, 1826) Taxonomy. Five species of Cynomops Thomas, 1920are registered in Brazil: C. abrasus (Temminck, 1826, C. greenhalli Goodwin, 1958, C. milleri (Osgood, 1914, C. mastivus (Thomas, 1911) and C. planirostris (Peters, 1866) (Nogueira et al. 2014, Moras et al. 2018. Cynomops abrasus and C. mastivus can be readily distinguished from its congeners by size (forearm > 41 mm in C. abrasus and C. mastivus, and < 39 mm in the other three species) (Peters et al. 2002, Eger 2008, López-Baucells et al. 2016, Moras et al. 2018. Cynomops abrasus can be differed from the northern South American C. mastivus by the gracile and small skull (robust in C. mastivus); the smooth slope of the anterior face of the lacrimal ridges on the forehead (there is an abrupt angle in C. mastivus); and by the presence of deep and narrow trigonid on the M 1 (shallow and wide in C. mastivus - Moras et al. 2016Moras et al. , 2018. The specimen from PECB (ZSP 021; see Table 8 for measurements) have general reddish dark-brown fur, and cinnamon-brown venter; flattened muzzle; upper incisors separated and resembling canines in shape; ears rounded and separated; and a rounded antitragus, without a constriction at the base. The skull characters are in agreement with the diagnosis provided by Moras et al. (2016Moras et al. ( , 2018. Distribution. In Brazil, the species is recorded in all biomes, except Pampas, in the states of Goiás, Maranhão, Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, Pará, Paraíba, Piauí, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, and São Paulo (Tavares et al. 2008, Reis et al. 2017). In of São Paulo, the species is also widely distributed, occurring in all the vegetational formations (Garbino 2016).
Field observations. In December we captured an adult male in a roosting site on a building roof in sampling site S7 (Appendix 1). At the same roosting site we captured eleven individuals of Molossus molossus and one Molosssus rufus. Williams and Genoways, 1980 Fig. 29 Taxonomy. Both species of Molossops Peters, 1866 are found in Brazil: M. neglectus Genoways, 1980 andM. temminckii (Burmeister, 1854) (Eger 2008, Nogueira et al. 2014. The external characters that distinguish these species are cited by many authors (Williams and Genoways 1980, Ascorra et al. 1991b, Lim and Engstrom 2001, Gregorin and Taddei 2002, Eger 2008, Barquez et al. 2011). Molossops neglectus is larger than M. temminckii (forearm > 34.8 mm in M. neglectus and < 33 mm in M. temminckii); and the ventral fur is darker and slightly lighter than dorsum in M. neglectus, and frosted or markedly lighter than dorsum in M. temminckii. The PECB specimen (ZSP 016; see Table 8 for measurements) have general reddish dark-brown dorsal fur with paler base; and light brown ventral fur, slightly paler than dorsum. Additionally, the muzzle is flat, ears are small, triangular and separated, the antitragus is small and rounded, and upper incisors are separated and resemble canines in shape.

Molossops neglectus
Distribution. In Brazil, the species is recorded in the Amazon, Atlantic Forest and Cerrado biomes, in Amazonas, Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, and São Paulo states Loureiro 2011, Reis et al. 2017). In São Paulo, almost all the few records are distributed on the east region of the state (Garbino 2016).

The bat fauna of Carlos Botelho State Park, Atlantic Forest
Field observations. A pregnant female was captured in November in a mist-net elevated 8 m over a trail in sampling site M7 (Appendix 1). Thomas, 1901 Fig. 32 Taxonomy. Molossus É. Geoffroy, 1805 is represented in Brazil by six species: M. aztecus Saussure, 1860, M. coibensis J.A. Allen, 1904, M. currentium Thomas, 1901, M. molossus (Pallas, 1766), M. pretiosus Miller, 1902, and M. rufus É. Geoffroy, 1805(Nogueira et al. 2014. Molossus pretiosus and M. rufus can be separated from the other four species by forearm length, which is larger than 44.6 mm in M. pretiosus and M. rufus, and smaller than 44.0 mm in the other four species (Loureiro et al. 2018). Within this group, M. currentium and M. molossus can be separed from M. aztecus and M. coibensis based on dorsal fur coloration. Dorsal hairs in M. currentium and M. molossus are bicolored with a long pale base, which is usually white and can reach from 1/2 to 1/4 of fur extent; dorsal hairs in M. aztecus and M. coibensis are unicolored or with a pale base that is incipient, grayish or buff, and not extending more than 1/3 of fur extent. The length and shape of upper incisors are also usefull characters to distinguish those species; upper incisors are long with pararel tips in M. currentium and M. molossus, and short and spatulated in M. aztecus and M. coibensis (Loureiro et al. 2018).

Molossus currentium
Molossus currentium and M. molossus can be distinguished by the larger size in M. currentium, with forearm averaging 41.3 mm in males and 41.9 mm in females; and in M. molossus averaging 40.2 mm in males and 39.5 mm in females (Dolan 1989, Simmons and Voss 1998, Lim and Engstrom 2001, Gregorin and Taddei 2002, Gregorin et al. 2011a, Loureiro et al. 2018. They can also be distinguished by the height of sagittal crest, which is high in M. currentium and low in M. molossus (Loureiro et al. 2018). One specimen of Molossus was identified as M. currentium (ZSP 050; see Table 8 for measurements) and have general blackish-brown coloration. The dorsal fur is markedly bicolored, with whitish basis extending to 1/3 of fur length and dark brown tips, and average 6.5 mm in length at the shoulders. The upper incisors are long with slightly divergent tips. Sagittal and lambdoidal crests are well developed.
Distribution. In Brazil, the species is recorded only in the Pantanal biome in Mato Grosso state (Loureiro et al. 2018). Our record represents the southernmost register of the species in Brazil, the first register on the state of São Paulo, and extends the species distribution in Brazil in almost 1,200 km southeastward (Fig. 31).
Field observations. In June we captured an adult male in a roosting site on a building roof, in sampling site S9 (Appendix 1). Taxonomy. The distinction between M. molossus and other congeners is discussed above. Specimens from PECB identified as M. molossus (ZSP 003, 018, 020, 053; see Table 8 for measurements) have general mid brown coloration. The dorsal fur varies from weakly to well bicolored, with white to grayish basis extending from 1/4 to 1/3 of fur length, and mid brown tips. The dorsal fur at the shoulders average 5 mm. The upper incisors are pincer-like. Sagittal and lambdoidal crests are low.  Distribution. In Brazil, the species is recorded in all biomes and in all states, except Rio Grande do Norte (Barros 2014, Reis et al. 2017, Loureiro et al. 2018. In São Paulo state the species is widely distributed, occurring in all the vegetational formations (Garbino 2016).

Molossus molossus (Pallas, 1766)
Field observations. We captured 28 individuals (4 males and 24 females) in roosting sites on building roofs in sampling sites S2 and S7 (Appendix 1). In S2 we also captured 13 Histiotus velatus, two Myotis albescens and one Myotis ruber. In S7 we also captured one C. abrasus and two M. rufus. Captures occurred in October, December and July. We captured lactating females in December and pregnant females in October and December.
Molossus rufus É. Geoffroy, 1805 Fig. 34 Taxonomy. The distinction between M. rufus and M. pretiosus from other Brazilian congeners is discussed above. Molossus rufus is larger than M. pretiosus (forearm ranging from 46.7 to 55.2 mm in M. rufus and from 44.6 to 49.0 mm in M. pretiosus); the shape of the upper incisors (long and slightly convergent in M. pretiosus, short, spatulated and in contact in M. rufus); general fur coloration (dark brown in M. pretiosus and dark or reddish brown in M. rufus) and face and membranes coloration (not black, slightly paler, in M. pretiosus and black in M. rufus) (Gregorin and Taddei 2000, Lim and Engstrom 2001, Gregorin and Taddei 2002, Eger 2008, Nogueira et al. 2008, Gregorin et al. 2011a, Díaz et al. 2016. Molossus rufus specimens from PECB (ZSP 019, 026, 059; see Table 8 for measurements) have general reddish dark brown coloration, with unicolored dorsal fur, which average 5 mm at the shoulders. The upper incisors are spatulated and in contact.  Table 9.
Field observations. We captured 3 adult males in roosting sites on building roofs in sampling sites S7 and S17 (Appendix 1). In S7 we also captured 11 M. molossus and one Cynomops abrasus; on S17 we also captured one Glossophaga soricina. Captures occurred in January, September and December.

Vespertilionidae Gray, 1821
Vespertilioninae Gray, 1821 Eptesicus taddeii Miranda, Bernardi & Passos, 2006 Fig. 35 Taxonomy. Six species of Eptesicus Rafinesque, 1820 occur in Brazil: E. andinus J.A. Allen, 1914, E. brasiliensis (Desmarest, 1819, E. chiriquinus Thomas, 1920, E. diminutus Osgood, 1915, E. furinalis (d'Orbigny and Gervais, 1847 and E. taddeii Miranda, Bernardi & Passos, 2006(Nogueira et al. 2014). E. andinus and E. chiriquinus can be distinguished from congeners by the length of dorsal fur (> 8 mm in E. andinus, and E. chiriquinus, < 8 mm in the other species; Simmons and Voss 1998, Miranda et al. 2006, Davis and Gardner 2008 -Mies et al. 1996, Simmons and Voss 1998, Miranda et al. 2006). The distinction between E. taddeii and E. brasiliensis is based on the shape of the ears (rounded in E. taddeii and more triangular in E. brasiliensis), muzzle shape (more inflated in E. taddeii than in E. brasiliensis) and size, E. taddeii being larger than E. brasiliensis (forearm 44.1-48.7 mm versus 40.5-46.5 mm; Miranda et al. 2006). Specimens from PECB (ZSP 017, 048; see Table 10 for measurements) were identified as E. taddeii because of the following characters: short dorsal fur (ca. 6 mm), triangular ears with rounded terminal portion, muzzle inflated, and forearm length within the variation reported. According to Miranda et al. (2006), the dorsal fur in E. taddeii is bicolored, with the basal two-thirds brown and tips red. This pattern was observed on the specimens from PECB, which have bicolored dorsal fur, with a large mid brown basal band and reddish tips. The ventral fur is also bicolored, with a large mid brown basal band and contrasting reddish tips, pattern similar to the described by Miranda et al. (2006).
Distribution. In Brazil, the species is only known from the Atlantic Forest, on the states of São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina, and Rio Grande do Sul (Tavares et al. 2008, Reis et al. 2017. In São Paulo there are records in only three localities in the central and east portions of the state (Garbino 2016).
Field observations. Two adult females were taken on mist-nets set at ground-level in sampling sites M20 and M34, and one was taken on a mist-net elevated 8 m over a trail, in sampling site M7 (Appendix 1). Captures occurred in March, June and November. A pregnant female was captured in March. Taxonomy. According to Nogueira et al. (2014), seven species of Lasiurus Gray, 1831 are recognized to Brazil: L. blossevillii ([Lesson, 1826]), L. castaneus Handley, 1960, L. cinereus (Palisot de Beauvois, 1796, L. ebenus Fazzolari-Corrêa, 1994, L. ega (Gervais, 1856, L. egregius (Peters, 1870), and L. salinae Thomas, 1902. However, Baird et al. (2015 consider L. salinae as a subspecies of L. blossevillii. Lasiurus ebenus can be distinguished from all congeners based on the black membranes and fur coloration. The other species present lighter colors, with fur coloration varying from reddish to yellowish, orange or whitish (Fazzolari-Corrêa 1994, Bianconi and Pedro 2007, Reid 2009). The specimen from PECB (MN 83982; see Table 10 for measurements) have tricolored dorsal fur, with black basis and tips; bicolored ventral fur, with dark-brown basis and black tips; and black membranes and face. The interfemoral membrane is furred until half of its length, the ventral region of the humera and forearms are also furred.
Distribution. Our specimen represents the second record of. L. ebenus since its description (see Cláudio et al. 2018). The species was previously known only from its type locality, the Ilha do Cardoso State Park, also in São Paulo state (Fazzolari-Corrêa 1994), which is about 100 km away from PECB.
Field observations. The adult male was captured in February in a ground-level mist-net set over a small stream in sampling site M20 (Appendix 1).
Histiotus velatus (I. Geoffroy, 1824) Taxonomy. In Brazil, Histiotus Gervais, 1856 is represented by H. alienus Thomas, 1916, H. diaphanopterus Feijó, Rocha & Althoff, 2015, H. laephotis Thomas, 1916, H. montanus (Philippi & Landbeck, 1861, and H. velatus (I. Geoffroy, 1824) (Reis et al. 2017). H. diaphanopterus, which is recorded only in Caatinga and Cerrado, can be easily distinguished by a distinctly bicolored dorsal fur, which is unicolored or weakly bicolored in the congeners and a very high skin band between ears (4 mm in H. diaphanopterus, and < 4 mm in the congeners; Feijó et al. 2015). Histiotus velatus is distinguished from the remaining species by a triangular shaped ear, which is oval in the remaining species (Feijó et al. 2015). The PECB specimens (ZSP 004, 046; see Table  10 for measurements) have weakly bicolored dorsal fur with dark brown basis and yellowish-brown tips; bicolored ventral fur, with dark brown basis and grayish-brown tips; and large and triangular ears connected by a narrow band of skin (3 mm).
Distribution. In Brazil, the species occurs in the Atlantic Forest, Cerrado, Pantanal and Pampas biomes, in Mato Grosso, Goiás, Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina, and Rio Grande do Sul states (Feijó et al. 2015, Reis et al. 2017. In São Paulo, the species is widely distributed, occurring in all the vegetational formations (Garbino 2016). Field observations. All the 13 specimens (1 male and 12 females) captured were taken in building roofs in sampling site S2 (Appendix 1). In this site, we also captured 17 M. molossus, two M. albescens and one M. ruber. Captures occurred in May, July and October. Pregnant females were caught in October.

Myotinae Tate, 1943
Myotis albescens (É. Geoffroy, 1806)  Thomas, 1901(Reis et al. 2017. M. simus differ from the congeners by the shorther dorsal fur (< 4 mm), and by the wing membranes attached to the tibia or to the feet by a narrow band of membrane (< 1.5 mm; at the feet by a larger band of membrane in other species; see Moratelli et al. 2011bMoratelli et al. , 2013. Myotis albescens and M. levis are externally separated from the Brazilian congeners by the presence of a fringe of hairs along the trailing edge of the uropatagium and frosted ventral fur. Myotis albescens can be distinguished from M. levis by the smaller ear length (9-14 mm in M. albescens and 14-18 mm in M. levis) and smaller body size (mean length of forearm 34.6-35.8 mm in M. albescens and 36.9 mm in M. levis -Bárquez et al. 1999, Moratelli andOliveira 2011). The PECB specimen (ZSP 005; see Table 10 for measurements) identified as M. albescens fit the description of this species provided by Moratelli and Oliveira (2011) and Moratelli et al. (2013), as follow: dorsal fur silky, long, and bicolored, with blackish brown basis and mid brown tips (ca. 6 mm between shoulders); venter lighter than the dorsal fur, strongly bicolored, with dark brown basis and white tips; fringe of hairs along the trailing edge of the uropatagium present; wing membranes attached to the feet; and face and ears dark brown.
Field observations. In October, we captured two pregnant females in a building roof, in sampling site S2 (Appendix 1). At the same roost, we captured 13 Histiotus velatus, 17 Molossus molossus and one Myotis ruber.
Myotis nigricans (Schinz, 1821) Taxonomy. Myotis nigricans and M. riparius can be distinguished from M. lavali, which is similar in size, by the unicolored or weakly bicolored dorsal fur (strongly bicolored in M. lavali; V.C. Cláudio et al. Mora telli et al. 2011a. From M. ruber, M. nigricans and M. riparius can be distinguished by the absent or low saggital and lambdoidal crests (Thomas 1902. Myotis nigricans can be separated from M. riparius by dorsal fur texture (silky in M. nigricans and woolly in M. riparius); and saggital crest usually absent (Laval 1973, Moratelli et al. 2013, Díaz et al. 2016. Myotis nigricans is distinguished from M. izecksohni by the smaller size (forearm 30.5-38.9 mm in M. nigricans, averaging 33 mm; 33.1-38.3 mm in M. izecksohni, averaging 36.1 mm in females and 36.4 in males), and lighter general fur coloration (mummy-brown dorsal fur and cinnamon-brown ventral fur in M. nigricans, dark to medium-brown dorsal fur, and light brown venter in M. izecksohni; Moratelli et al. 2011a, Dias et al. 2015. Specimens from PECB assigned to M. nigricans (ZSP 010, 051; see Table 10 for measurements) have unicolored to slightly bicolored dorsal fur, with blackish brown basis and dark brown tips, averaging 7 mm on shoulder region (Fig. 42). The ventral fur is lighter than the dorsal and is bicolored, with dark brown basis and mid brown tips. The fringe of hairs on the edge of the uropatagium is absent, the wing membrane is attached to the feet, and face and ears are dark brown.
Field observations. We captured 21 individuals, of which 20 (13 males and 7 females) were taken on ground-level mistnets, in different sampling sites and elevations: M3, M4, M11, M17, M20, M21, M27, M29, M37 and M39. One adult male was captured in abandoned roof tiles, in sampling site S12 (Appendix 1). Captures occurred in January, March, April, July, August, September, October and December. A lactating female was netted in January, and a pregnant female in September. Handley, 1960 Fig. 40 Taxonomy. The distinction of M. riparius from M. simus, M. levis, M. albescens, M. ruber, M. lavali and M. nigricans is discussed above. Myotis riparius can be distinguished from M. izecksohni by the wooly and shorter dorsal fur (ca 5 mm), which is silky and long (7.8-8.5 mm) in M. izecksohni (Moratelli et al. 2011a(Moratelli et al. , 2013. Specimens of M. riparius from PECB (ZSP 007, 052; see Table 10 for measurements) have a wooly and slightly bicolored dorsal fur, with blackish brown basis and mummy brown tips, averaging 5 mm on shoulder region (Fig. 43).The ventral fur is lighter than the dorsal and bicolored, with dark brown basis and cinnamon-brown tips. The fringe of hairs on the edge of the uropatagium is absent, the wing membrane is attached to the feet, face is reddish and ears are light brown.

43
The bat fauna of Carlos Botelho State Park, Atlantic Forest et al. 2017, Reis et al. 2017). In São Paulo, there are records on the east region of the state, mostly on the coastal Atlantic Forest (Garbino 2016). Field observations. One adult male and one adult female were captured in ground-level mist-nets set at wide trails, on sampling sites M2 and M39 (Appendix 1). Captures occurred in July and October.
Myotis ruber (É. Geoffroy, 1806) Taxonomy. Myotis ruber can be distinguished from their congeners by the general fur coloration, which is bright cinnamon red on the dorsum and yellowish on venter, and higher sagittal and lambdoidal crests. Myotis simus and M. riparius can present similar coloration, but the attachment of wing membranes on feet and the fur length readily distinguish M. ruber from M. simus; and the larger forearm length and higher sagittal crests distinguish M. ruber from M. riparius (Thomas 1902, Moratelli et al. 2011b. Some specimens of M. ruber have reddish nails. Specimens from PECB (ZSP 047, 054; see Table 10 for measurements) have bicolored dorsal fur, with blackish brown basis and reddish tips, averaging 6 mm between shoulders. The ventral fur is lighter than the dorsal and is bicolored, with dark brown basis and reddish tips. The fringe of hairs on the edge of the uropatagium is absent, the wing membrane is attached to the feet, face is reddish and ears dark brown, and the feet nails are reddish.
Distribution. In Brazil, the species is recorded in the Atlantic Forest and Cerrado, on the states of Bahia, Pernambuco, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Espírito Santo (Tavares et al. 2008, Reis et al. 2017. In São Paulo state, there are records on the central and east regions, mostly on the coastal Atlantic Forest (Garbino 2016).
Field observations. We captured two adult males, both in secondary dense forest. One was taken in a ground-level mist-net set along a river in sampling site M29, and another was taken in a building roof, in sampling site S2 (Appendix 1), where we also captured 17 Molossus molossus, 13 Histiotus velatus and two Myotis albescens. Captures occurred in May and August.