Corresponding author: Breno Rodrigo Araujo (
Editorial responsibility: Ralph Holzenthal
This study provides a comprehensive checklist of
Knowledge of the distribution of extant species is critical for multiple areas of biological sciences and conservation. However, it is strongly biased due to well-known factors such as: sampling efforts are often concentrated in areas near research centers, or sites easier to access, and also taxonomic or social preferences such as large and charismatic organisms (
The Atlantic Forest is a biodiversity hotspot due to its highly threatened status and endemism levels, holding from 1 to 8% of the world’s biodiversity (
The Atlantic Forest is the most important component of the natural landscape of Paraná’s territory, originally covering 98.1% of its total area (see
Dragonflies and damselflies (
Studies focusing on the diversity of odonates in the southern Brazil started at least half of a century ago (e.g.
The studied area at Piraquara municipality belongs to the Metropolitan Region of Curitiba, region that has been visited by scientists at least since 1896 when B. Bicego collected the holotype of the millipede
The goal of this study is to provide a comprehensive checklist of damselflies and dragonflies from the region of Mananciais da Serra, southern Atlantic Forest. In addition, the compositional diversity (alpha component) is addressed, and new state records and taxonomic notes including the rare
This study was conducted in an ecotone between the Araucaria Forest and Tropical Atlantic Forest (
Historically, the protected area “Mananciais da Serra” emerged with the creation of the first public water supply system of Curitiba, capital of the state of Paraná, in 1908 (see
For this survey we considered the vegetal formation separated into two areas: the Tropical Atlantic Forest area (TF), corresponding to the MASE area (Fig. Protected area Mananciais da Serra (MASE), municipality of Piraquara, Paraná, Brazil, and sampling sites of Mesohabitats of the sampling sites of Sampling sites, coordinates and mesohabitats description for Collection site Coordinates Mesohabitats Latitude, Longitude 1. RPIV. Piraquara II reservoir bank Composite site, predominantly lentic, banks lacking macrophytes, riparian area with grassland; lotic system composed by small second order stream from the grassland flowing into the reservoir 2. RPV. Piraquara II reservoir bank Lentic with abundant macrophytes and forested riparian area 3. RPIII. Piraquara II reservoir bank Composite site, predominantly lentic, partially inhabited for macrophytes, banks lacking macrophytes; semi-lotic spots formed by small tributaries of Rio Piraquara river throughout the site 4. Piraquara II reservoir adjacent area Lentic, pool linked to Piraquara II reservoir covered with macrophytes and riparian forested area composed by exotic 5. RPI. Piraquara II reservoir bank Lentic, with abundant macrophytes of many species; riparian area composed by open grass field and forest with semi-lotic channels near reservoir 6. RPII. Piraquara II reservoir bank Composite site, lentic spot composed by swamps with grasses and many macrophytes species; lotic spot is as fourth order river tributary of the Piraquara II reservoir 7. River II. River with riparian forest Lotic, fourth order river with modified riparian forest, shaded with sandy bottom 8. Farm marsh. Flood area near to the dirt road Lentic, a shallow swamp with grass vegetation 9. Road. Running water above road Lotic, shallow stream over a dirt road 10. Base lodge Open field, grass camp at front of the base lodge 11. River I. River in forested area Lotic with a well-preserved riparian forest, bottom with rocks, leaf litter and sand 12. Salto catchment. Stream in forested area Composite site, lentic spot formed by damming of a stream rock bottom, a partially shaded artificial pool with dense leaf litter bottom 13. Carvalho catchment. Stream in forested area Composite site with open and forested areas; lentic spot composed by the largest artificial pool with concrete bottom; lotic system composed by first and second order streams with bottom with abundant leaf litter, sand, and rocks; 14. Braço do Carvalho catchment. Stream in forested area Composite site; lentic formed by an artificial pool with concrete bottom with abundant leaf litter and sandy bottom; lotic, a second order forested stream with rocky bottom 15. Stream near to Carambola catchment A partially shaded third order stream with a well-preserved riparian forest, large rocks, sand, and leaf litter bottom 16. Natural pool Lentic, a sunny natural shallow pool in an opened area with clay bottom, riparian area with native herbaceous-shrub vegetation and few exotic 17. Mico catchment Lotic, a first order stream in an out of order dam, a secondary riparian forest 18. Trail between Braço do Carvalho catchment and Ipiranguinha River Composite site; main trail crossing many types of typical lentic to lotic mesohabitats, from artificial pools, small rainy pools, phytotelmata (bamboos and bromeliads) to seepages, streams, and rivers; predominantly shaded (forested) with open spots; 19. Aqueduto. Forested area with small streams Lotic, first order streams/streamlets with a well-preserved riparian forest; Semi lentic shallow pools in flooded areas 20. Cayguava catchment. Stream in forested area Composite site; lotic formed by a second order stream with well-preserved riparian forest, rocky and sandy bottom; lentic correspond to the artificial pool of the Cayguava catchment with sand and leaf bottom 21. Site F. Flooded forested area Lotic and semi-lotic, shallow pools with slow flowing water 22. Iporan catchment. Stream in forested area Composite site; lotic is a second order stream with well-preserved riparian forest, rocky bottom; lentic spot is the artificial pool, of the Iporan reservoir catchment with sandy and leaf bottom 23. Ipiranguinha river. River in forested area Composite site; lotic is a third order river with well-preserved riparian forest, rocky bottom; lentic correspond to the artificial pool of the Ipiranguinha catchment with sandy and leaf bottom
Multiple water body types were investigated, including puddles, pools, tanks, dams and streams (Figs
The specimens were identified at species level with the aid of stereomicroscopes and compared to original descriptions and specimens previously identified by specialists. Species of dubious status due to insufficient taxonomic information (e.g.
In order to investigate new occurrence records, the known distributions of each species were compiled from publications in scientific journals, books, catalogs and specialized literature (e.g. original descriptions and revisions), and gray literature such as unpublished monographs, dissertations and thesis, meeting abstracts, websites, or even records lacking voucher material were disregarded. Digital databases (e.g. Web of Science) were regularly checked for update the data on the species occurrence. The full reference list with previous records in the literature was included in the Catalog of the Brazilian Taxonomic Fauna (
Alpha diversity was analyzed based on richness and abundance. The rarefaction and extrapolation curves using an individual-based (abundance) approach were constructed with the software EstimateS (Version 9.1.0,
A total of 1,708 specimens from 9 families, 43 genera and 84 species were collected and identified. The species list, sampling sites, new records of occurrences for the state of Paraná, and specimens reared (adults emerged in the laboratory) are presented in Table
The hitherto unknown females of Species list, abundance, and new state records for Richness and absolute abundance of Rarefaction and extrapolation curves up to 15,000 individuals (show only to 5,000) based on abundance data in the protected area Mananciais da Serra, Piraquara municipality, state of Paraná, Brazil. Diamonds shows the observed richness: Pool regional (green), 84 species in 1,708 individuals (estimated richness 106 spp.); Tropical Atlantic Forest (TF, blue), 52 species in 1028 individuals (estimated richness 69 spp.). Habitus of Taxa Sampling site Abundance Reared larvae Araucaria Forest Tropical Atlantic Forest New state Record ‘ 12, 13, 22 24 x x x 12, 16 5 x 4, 16 29 x x 12, 16 6 x x 5 2 x 7, 11 7 x x x 11, 12, 13, 18, 20–23 212 x x 12, 13, 18–20, 22 54 x 11–13, 18, 20 52 x 11–13, 20, 21, 23 23 x x x 7, 12, 13 5 x x x 11, 12, 19, 20, 23 11 x x 1 3 x x 18 3 x x 1, 2, 4–6, 15 21 x x 1–6, 16 55 x x x x 3, 4, 6, 15 8 x x x 7 1 x x 12, 13, 18–20, 22, 23 218 x x 12, 13, 16–20, 22, 23 79 x 16, 8, 13, 16, 20 65 x x x 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 16 30 x x x 3, 4, 13, 16 6 x x x 16 1 x x 12, 13, 16, 18, 20, 21 31 x x 5, 7 3 x 6 1 x 16 47 x 1–6, 8, 9 45 x 4, 6 2 x x 5, 6 13 x x 2–6, 16 43 x x x 16 1 x x 16 1 x 2–6 9 x x 12–14, 20, 22, 23 13 x 6 1 x 8 1 x 5 1 x 3 1 x x 16, 20, 22 5 x x 12–14, 20, 22 19 x x 4, 10, 12–14, 16, 18, 20 28 x x x 16 2 x x 11, 20, 22 7 x x 1 1 x x 5, 7, 20 4 x x x 11, 13, 20, 22 32 x 11, 12, 22 7 x x x 18 1 x x 22 1 x 13, 20, 23 3 x 2, 4, 6, 13, 19, 20 18 x x x 1, 6 4 x 2, 3 8 x x 2, 4 3 x x 5 1 x x 16 17 x x 4, 6 5 x x 2, 5, 6, 165 42 x x x 1, 3, 5, 6, 20 20 x x 4, 13, 16 5 x x x 1–6, 22 48 x x x x 1–7, 13, 16 100 x x x x 3, 16 4 x x x 1, 3, 5, 6 36 x 1–3 9 x x 7 1 x x 2, 5, 7, 10, 13 7 x x x 2, 3, 5, 6 6 x x 2, 3, 5–7 24 x 5 1 x 15 2 x 12, 15 3 x x 5, 6 10 x x 1–3 9 x x 1, 13 4 x x 1, 4, 6, 10, 13, 16 18 x x 2–6 13 x 1–5 25 x x x 2, 3, 5, 6 10 x x x 6, 16 2 x x x 5, 16 3 x x 3, 6 7 x x 9 Families, 43 genera, 84 species – 1,708 12 55 53 53
Five of the identified species are of special taxonomic interest because they are poorly known, exhibited morphological variation, or their occurrence was unexpected in the region investigated. Such species are commented below.
Habitus of
A total of 53 new occurrence records were observed for the state of Paraná (Table
This first inventory for Mananciais da Serra revealed an impressively rich community with 84 species occurring in a small area. The sampling effort based on estimated richness (106 spp.) is near to 80% (Fig.
The “Natural pool” sampling site is unique among the other sites in TF distinctly characterized as a lentic system. The rocky soil does not support the development of large trees, so this area is not shaded by forest. Such feature influences the physical, chemical, and biological conditions of this aquatic environment and permits most insolation, one of the abiotic features most important in filtering
All families were more abundant in TF except
Different collection methods can be complementary, assisting in sampling the true diversity of
Similarly to other exploratory survey research, the crepuscular species (besides sight) were not sampled (
The richness of 84 species in the sampling site was much higher than all the previous records for the entire state of Paraná (60 spp., checklist based on unpublished data), and the 53 new occurrences almost duplicated the state records. This can be explained largely because of undersampling, potentiated by gaps of entomological collections studies or data compilation surveys (
Our study allows us to reach the following conclusions. The richness maintained by Mananciais da Serra represents 9.3% of the Brazilian
This study was supported by master’s scholarship by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq process 132210/2018-5) via PPGEnto/UFPR to Breno R. de Araujo. Thanks are due to SANEPAR for all support in the collection area, especially to Ana Cristina do Rego Barros. We also thank Instituto Ambiental do Paraná (IAP) and ICMBIO/SISBIO for collecting licenses; Alexandre C. Domahovski, Rodney R. Cavichioli and Gabriel A.R. Melo (UFPR), as well as the staff of Laboratório de Sistemática de Insetos Aquáticos (LABSIA), for helping with collecting, equipment, and field expeditions. A draft of this paper was benefited from the review of Master in Biological Sciences (Entomology) degree committee for Gabriel A.R. Melo, Leandro Juen and Maurício O. Moura. A initial draft of this manuscript was revised by Cambridge Proofreading LLC before submission.
Appendix 1. List of the 53 species recorded for the first time to the state of Paraná with previous known distribution data.
1.
Distribution: Guyana[?], BRAZIL: AM[?], MG, ES, RJ, SP, PR*.
Remarks: The records from the state of Amazonas and Guyana most likely is due to misidentifications because it is an endemic species of Atlantic Forest; thus, these occurrences should be checked.
2.
Distribution: Argentina, BRAZIL: MG, RJ, PR*, SC, RS.
3.
Distribution: Peru, Argentina, BRAZIL: MT, MG, ES, RJ, SP, PR*, RS.
4.
Distribution: BRAZIL: SP, PR*.
Remarks: See taxonomic notes.
5.
Distribution: Paraguay, Argentina, BRAZIL: BA, MG, ES, RJ, SP, PR*
6.
Distribution: BRAZIL: PA, MG[?], ES, RJ, SP, PR*.
Remarks:
7.
Distribution: Venezuela, BRAZIL: PB[?], MG, ES, RJ, SP, PR*, SC[?], RS.
Remarks:
8.
Distribution: Paraguay, Argentina, BRAZIL: MG, ES, RJ, SP, SC, PR*, RS.
9.
Distribution: Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina, Uruguay, BRAZIL: CE, SE, RO, MT, GO, BA, MG, MS, ES, RJ, SP, PR*, RS.
10.
Distribution: BRAZIL: RJ, SP, PR*, SC, RS.
11.
Distribution: Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina, Uruguay, BRAZIL: CE, SE, MT, GO, BA, MG, MS, ES, RJ, SP, PR*, RS.
Remarks: Northern South America records most likely refers to other species (cf.
12.
Distribution: Colombia[?], Peru, Paraguay, Argentina, Uruguay, BRAZIL: MG, MS, ES, RJ, SP, PR*, SC, RS.
Remarks: Northern South America records most likely refers to other species (cf.
13.
Distribution: Venezuela, Guyana. BRAZIL: PI, TO, MT, GO, BA, MG, MS, SP, PR*.
14.
Distribution: BRAZIL: MG, RJ, SP, PR*, SC.
15.
Distribution: BRAZIL: MG, MS, ES, RJ, SP, PR*.
Remarks: Record to MS is out of Atlantic Forest domain, distant from hitherto known records, thus must be checked.
16.
Distribution: Mexico south to Panama. Trinidad and Tobago, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Paraguay, Argentina, Uruguay, BRAZIL: RR, AP, PA, AM, AC, PI, CE, PB, PE, SE, MT, RO, GO, BA, MG, MS, ES, RJ, SP, PR*, RS.
17.
Distribution: Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Chile, Paraguay, Argentina, Uruguay, BRAZIL: AP, PA, AM, MA, CE, PB, PE, MT, RO, GO, MG, MS, ES, RJ, SP, PR*, RS.
18.
Distribution: BRAZIL: BA[?], ES, RJ, SP, PR*.
Remarks:
19.
Distribution: BRAZIL: BA, ES, RJ, SP, PR*, SC.
20.
Distribution: Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina, BRAZIL: MT, MG, MS, RJ, SP, PR*, SC, RS.
21.
Distribution: Argentina, BRAZIL: PR*, SC, RS.
22.
Distribution: Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina, Uruguay, BRAZIL: BA, MG, MS, SP, PR*, RS.
23.
Distribution: Suriname, BRAZIL: MG[?], ES, RJ, SP, PR*.
Remarks:
24.
Distribution: Chile, Paraguay, Argentina, Uruguay, BRAZIL: RJ, PR*, SC, RS.
25.
Distribution: BRAZIL: RJ, PR*.
Remarks: Part of the records in
26.
Distribution: BRAZIL: MG, ES, RJ, SP, PR*, SC, RS.
Remarks: Part of the records in
27.
Distribution: Venezuela, Peru, Guyana, Paraguay, Argentina, Uruguay, BRAZIL: PE, SE, MT, RO, MG, MS, ES, RJ, SP, PR*, RS.
28.
Distribution: Venezuela, Argentina[?], BRAZIL: AM[?], AL, MG, ES, SP, PR*.
Remarks:
29.
Distribution: Paraguay, Argentina, BRAZIL: CE, BA, MG, ES, RJ, SP, PR*, SC, RS.
30.
Distribution: Brazil: RJ, PR*.
Remarks: See taxonomic notes.
31.
Distribution: Mexico, Belize, Costa Rica, Panama, Trinidad and Tobago, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Paraguay, Argentina, BRAZIL: AM, CE, MT, BA, MG, ES, RJ, SP, PR*, SC, RS.
32.
Distribution: Paraguay, Argentina, Uruguay, BRAZIL: GO, MG, ES, RJ, SP, PR*, RS.
33.
Distribution: Colombia, Peru, Paraguay, Argentina, Uruguay, BRAZIL: PA[?], MT, MG, MS, RJ, SP, PR*, RS.
Remarks:
34.
Distribution: Mexico south to Panama, Trinidad and Tobago, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Paraguay, Argentina, BRAZIL: RR, PA, AM, CE, PE, SE, MT, RO, GO, BA, MG, MS, ES, RJ, SP, PR*, SC, RS.
35.
Distribution: USA south to Panama, Trinidad and Tobago, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina, Uruguay. BRAZIL: RR, AP, PA, AM, MA, CE, PE, SE, MT, RO, GO, BA, MG, MS, ES, RJ, SP, PR*, SC, RS.
36.
Distribution. BRAZIL: GO, SP, PR*.
Remarks: See taxonomic notes.
37.
Distribution: Argentina, BRAZIL: BA, RJ, SP, PR*, RS.
38.
Distribution: Belize, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Trinidad and Tobago, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina, BRAZIL: PA, AM, CE, PE, SE, MT, RO, GO, BA, MG, MS, ES, SP, RJ, PR*, SC.
39.
Distribution: Paraguay, Uruguay, BRAZIL: MG, RJ, SP, PR*, SC, RS.
40.
Distribution: Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina, Uruguay, BRAZIL: MA[?], SE, MG, RJ, SP, PR*, SC, RS.
Remarks:
41.
Distribution: Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, French Guiana, Chile, Paraguay, Argentina, BRAZIL: MG, MS, RJ, SP, PR*, SC, RS.
42.
Distribution: Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia, Guyana, Suriname, Paraguay, Argentina, Uruguay, BRAZIL: RR, MA, CE, MT, MG, MS, RJ, SP, PR*, RS.
43.
Distribution: Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia, Guyana, Suriname, Paraguay, Argentina, BRAZIL: MT, BA[?], MG, MS, ES, RJ, SP, PR*, SC, RS.
Remarks:
44.
Distribution: Argentina, BRAZIL: MG, ES, RJ, SP, PR*.
45.
Distribution: USA to Panama, Trinidad e Tobago, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Paraguay, Argentina, Uruguay, BRAZIL: RR, AP, PA, AM, MA, CE, PE, SE, MT, BA, MG, MS, ES, RJ, SP, PR*, RS.
46.
Distribution: Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama, Cuba, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Trinidad e Tobago, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Paraguay, Uruguay, BRAZIL: PA, AM, MT, MS, ES, RJ, SP, PR*, RS.
47.
Distribution: Venezuela, Ecuador, Paraguay, Argentina, Uruguay, BRAZIL: AM, PR*.
48.
Distribution: Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Costa Rica, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Suriname, French Guiana, Paraguay, Argentina, BRAZIL: RR, AP, PE, MT, RO, BA, MG, ES, RJ, SP, PR*, SC, RS.
Remarks:
49.
Distribution: Argentina, BRAZIL: MG, MS, RJ, SP, PR*, RS.
50.
Distribution: Argentina, Uruguay, BRAZIL: RJ, PR*, RS.
51.
Distribution: Paraguay, Argentina, Uruguay, BRAZIL: ES, RJ, PR*, RS.
52.
Distribution: USA to Panama, Trinidad e Tobago, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Suriname, French Guiana, Paraguay, Argentina, BRAZIL: AM, PE, SE, MT, BA, MG, MS, ES, RJ, SP, PR*, RS.
53.
Distribution: Colombia, Venezuela, Bolivia, Suriname, French Guiana, Paraguay, Argentina, BRAZIL: AM, MT, RO, MG, MS, RJ, PR*.