Peripatus edwardsii Blanchard, 1847 by original designation.

Dorsal papillae with roundish insertion. Bases of primary papillae with four to eighteen scale ranks. Apical pieces are conical, cylindrical, or rarely flat. Usually four complete and sometimes, rarely vestiges of a fifth spinous pad on the fourth and fifth legs. Nephridial tubercle on fourth and fifth pairs of legs, between third and fourth spinous pads. One to tree pregenital legs with crural papillae (male only).

The background color of the body of this species is in the purple spectrum; dorsal papillae round, primary papillae bearing asymmetrical apical piece, four complete spinous pads on the fourth and fifth legs (the last broken in some specimens).

Measurements (mm): Type: length 35.0; width 4.0; height 3.0 (based on Bouvier 1905). Additional specimen (hereafter): length 30.0, width 3.0, height 3.0. Color (living specimen). Background color of body dark purplish gray (234), dorsal surface dark grayish reddish brown (47) with purplish gray (233) diamonds overlapping light brownish gray (63) dorsomedian furrow (Fig. 2). Background color of ventral body purplish gray (233) with light gray and yellowish-brown (79) median band. Legs white (263) and ventral organs pale pink (7). Description of body. Conspicuous dorsomedial furrow and hyaline organs on entire length of body. Twelve plicae per segment, two incomplete (not extending to insertion of legs), and seven crossing over to ventral side. Uniform width among to the dorsal plicae as mentioned by Bouvier (1905). Dorsal papillae on all plicae (Fig. 1). Primary papillae as the largest dorsal papillae, with roundish dome insertion and asymmetrical spherical apical piece (Figs 1, 4). Basal piece larger than apical piece, with a range of at least seven scale ranks. Apical piece with three posterior scale ranks (Fig. 4). Bristle directed posteriorly (Fig. 4). Accessory papillae usually the smallest, but some as large as the basal piece of a primary papilla (Fig. 1). Accessory papillae with roundish insertion. Accessory papillae more abundant than primary papillae per plica (Fig. 1). Frequently, primary papillae separated by one to four accessory papillae. Dorsal papillae always on the plicae, although only and rarely accessory papillae present on flanks.

Figures 1–6. 

Epiperipatus edwardsii,GF180312HC003-06: (1) dorsal papillae arrangement; (2) dorsal view of the distal half of the body depicting diamond shaped pattern over the dorsomedian furrow; (3) foot in ventral view; (4) primary papillae in posterior view depicting differences in the number and shape of the scales (B and P); (5) outer blade in first plan of right jaw; (6) right fourth leg in ventral view depicting spinous pad undivided (I) and divided (IV) into two unqueal parts. (AT) Accessory tooth, (B) basal piece, (DR) series of denticles, (I) first spinous pads, (IJ) inner blade, (IV) last spinous pads, (nt) nephridial tubercle, (OJ) outer blade, (P) apical piece, (PP) prolateral foot papillae, (RP) retrolateral foot papillae. Scale bars: 1, 5 = 100 µm, 2 = 5 mm, 3 = 30 µm, 4 = 20 µm, 6 = 200 µm.

Head. No evident structures or color patterns on head. Antennae with 44 rings: antennal tip composed of seven broad rings, excluding the terminal disc on top. Antennal body with alternating sequence of narrow and broad rings at least up to the eighteenth. Eyes and frontal organs present on ventrolateral region of antennal base. Frontal organs as long as four fused antennal papillae. Mouth opening surrounded by small, anterior, unique lobe, and seven flanked lobes decreasing in size from anterior to posterior ends of the mouth. Dental formula of inner and outer jaws, respectively: 1/1 and 1/1/10, with second accessory tooth of inner jaw vestigial (Fig. 5).

Legs. Male with 30 pairs of legs. Ventrally, fourth and fifth pairs of legs with four complete spinous pads (the fourth are sometimes broken) without vestige of fifth spinous pad (Fig. 6). Nephridial tubercle on fourth and fifth pairs of legs, between third and fourth spinous pads, and connected at tip with third spinous pad (Fig. 6). Two pro-lateral and one retro-lateral foot papillae the feet of fourth and fifth legs (Fig. 3). Conspicuous ventral and preventral organs, gonopore close to penultimate pairs of legs in both sexes.

Sexual dimorphism. Male pregenital leg without crural papillae (these organs had not been previously described for this species). Anal glands inconspicuous (male); represented by two pores on ventral portion of anal aperture.

Material examined. 1♂, French Guiana, Cayenne, Nouragues Field Station, no further data (GF180312HC003-06). The holotype, deposited at the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France (MNHN), was not examined because the curator did not reply to our loan requests.

Distribution. French Guyana: Cayenne and adjacency of Nouragues Field Station (Bélizon, Bita, Coco).

Remarks. The type of Epiperipatus edwardsii, deposited at the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France (MNHN) was not examined. We tried to contact the curator to arrange a loan of this material, but the curator did not reply. Epiperipatus edwardsii is the most frequently misidentified species of Epiperipatus and for this reason some records of its distribution (e.g., Brues 1914, Clark 1914, Peck 1975, Sampaio-Costa et al. 2009) are not accepted here. The shape and distribution of the dorsal papillae, dorsal diamond pattern and number of legs are frequently misinterpreted.

According to our observations, the diamond patterns are a general feature in most species of Epiperipatus. Morphologically, the diagnostic features to delimit E. edwardsii are (1) dorsal papillae over the plicae and never on the folds, and (2) primary papillae usually separated by one or two accessory papillae (however in some cases they are close to each other). Also, E. edwardsii is supported by molecular data as demonstrated in Maximum Parsimony and Maximum Likelihood analyses (e.g., Costa (2016) and Giribet et al. 2018).

The other records of E. edwardsii found in the literature, for instance from Panama, Venezuela, Colombia and Brazil (Brues 1914, Clark and Zetek 1946, Read 1988a, b, Sampaio-Costa et al. 2009, see discussion below) are probably based on undescribed species. Moreover, records of E. edwardsii from Aripo in Trinidad (Read 1988a) and Haut Sarare, Venezuela (Read 1988b) also correspond to an undescribed species. In conclusion, the distribution of E. edwardsii is likely limited to French Guyana.

Epiperipatus species with symmetrical, reduced or hidden apical piece. Body large, 29 up to 76 mm and 36 to 39 pairs of legs.

Measurements. Males: length 29–41; width 1.0–3.0; height 1.0–2.5. Females: length 16–76; width 1.0–4.0; height 1.0–6.0. Background color of body in vivo is dark grayish red (20), with dorsal wavy band of light grayish red (18) and overlaid by diamond-shape marks, the same color as background color of body (Fig. 13). Dorsomedian furrow very dark purplish red (260) (Fig. 13). Anterior portion of head and antennae dark purple (224). Color of dorsal portion of legs the same as predominant dorsal body color. Largest primary papillae pale and distinguishable in vivo from light brown (57) color found on alternate plicae and forming longitudinal sequences on dorsal integument. The number of pale primary papillae increases near the legs. Legs and ventral surface displaying same color, pale pink (7). Description of body. Dorsal papillae aligned on top of folds, two primary papillae separated by one to three accessory papillae and rarely occurring close together. Both dorsal papillae have conical basal pieces, artichoke-like, composed of lanceolate scales that never overlap with one another at base of papillae (Figs 7, 14). The primary papillae are the largest and at their bases there are five to ten scale ranks. Apical piece can be reduced and there is just one scale rank (Fig. 7). Rank in some cases overlapped by scale rank of the base papilla, hiding the constriction between the two parts of the primary papillae (Fig. 7. See also Sampaio-Costa et al. 2009: 557, figs 6–8). The apical piece, when evident, is symmetrical and conical with narrow and elongated scales (Fig. 7). Needle-shaped sensory bristle curved or straight, placed at center of apical piece. Accessory papillae similar to primary papillae with respect to shape of scale and morphology of the base, but without an apical piece.

Figures 7–12. 

Shape of primary papillae (holotype, except when mentioned) of Epiperipatus beckeri sp. nov., E. piperipatus lucerna sp. nov., Epiperipatus marajoara sp. nov., Epiperipatus hyperbolicus sp. nov. and Epiperipatus titanicus sp. nov. (7) Epiperipatus titanicus sp. nov. (MNRJ 0057); (8) Epiperipatus marajoara sp. nov. (MZUSP 0022); (9) Epiperipatus lucerna sp. nov. MNRJ 0101; (10) Epiperipatus beckeri sp. nov. (MNRJ 0045); (11–12), Epiperipatus hyperbolicus sp. nov. (MNRJ 0104). Scales bars: 7, 12 (also in the small box of Fig. 9) = 10 µm, 8–11 = 20 µm.

Figures 13–17. 

Epiperipatus titanicus sp. nov. habitus, dorsal plicae, spinous pad and jaws: (13) Living specimen in dorsal habitus, paratype; (14) dorsal papillae arrangement of the holotype; (15) paratype blades; (16) holotype blades with the accessory tooth broken in outer jaws; (17) spinous pad and nephridial tubercles of paratype. The Roman numbers indicate the first and last spinous pad of the leg. Black arrows point vestiges of a fifth spinous pad; (15–16) jaws with outer blade in first plane in the both figures. Scales bars: 13 = 2.7 mm, 17 = 200 µm, 14– 15 = 100 µm, 16 = 50 µm.

Head. Holotype and paratype with 44–45 antennal rings, respectively. In both specimens, antennal tip composed of seven broad rings (excluding the terminal disc on top) and followed by alternating narrow and broad rings until the eighteenth ring. Mouth opening surrounded by anterior oral lobe (unpaired lip) and seven pairs of oral lips. Jaws with two blades composed of one long curved main tooth followed by one accessory tooth (Figs 15, 16). Formulae of inner and outer jaw blades: 1/1 and 1/1/7–11 (Figs 15, 16), respectively. Legs. Males: 36–38 pairs of legs. Females: 36–39 pairs of legs. Nephridial tubercle on fourth and fifth pairs of legs, between third and fourth spinous pads (Fig. 17). On fourth and fifth pairs of legs, fifth spinous pad present and always reduced (Fig. 17).

Two or three pregenital legs with one crural papilla (male) each. Anal glands inconspicuous (male); represented by two pores on anterior margin of anal aperture.

Holotype. ♀, BRAZIL, Alagoas State: Murici, Estação Ecológica de Murici (Mata da Bananeira area), Lo-Man-Hung, N.F. leg. (MNRJ 0057). Paratypes. ♂, idem, 11–18.xiii.2009, Costa, C.S., Giupponi, A. and Chagas-Jr leg. (MNRJ 0035); 2 ♀, same date but 21.vii.1995, Freitas, L.M. and Natali, M.S. leg. (DZUFMG-ONY 0008 and 0009); 9♀, 4 ♂ and 1 unsexed, same data but, 11–18.xii.2009, Costa, C.S., Guipponi, A. and Chagas-Jr, A, leg (MNRJ 0053); 1♀, same data but, 26–29.vii.2012, Costa, C.S., Alcântara, D.M.C., Dias, P.S. and Nihei,S.S. leg (MZUSP 0010).

Distribution (Fig. 37). Only known from the type locality (Brazil, Alagoas state, Murici, Estação Ecológica de Murici).

Etymology. The specific name titanicus, titanica, titanicum (L., “titanic”, adjective) refers to the large size of the females, and the great number of pairs of oncopods, more numerous than in any other Brazilian species of onychophorans.

Remarks. The number of leg pairs in this species varies from 36 to 39, and these numbers overlap in males and females, 36 to 38 in males and 36 to 39 in females.

Apical piece cylindrical, asymmetric, have of two scale ranks on back side and three on front side; 29 to 30 pairs of legs.

Measurements. Male: length 13–29; width 1.0–3.0; height 1.0–1.5. Female: length 23–44; width 1.0–3.0; height 2.0–4.0. Color (living specimens). In vivo background color of body on dorsal portion, arrangement of pale primary papillae, and ventral region as described for E. titanicus. Description of body. Dorsal papillae aligned on top of folds, with two primary papillae close together or separated by one to five accessory papillae. Dorsal papillae with conical basal piece, composed of overlapping lanceolate scales. Primary papillae regular in size, at their bases four to eight scale ranks (Fig. 19). Apical piece cylindrical, asymmetrical, composed of two scale ranks on back side and three on front side (Fig. 9). This rank overlapped by scale rank of the base papilla and hiding constriction between the two parts of primary papillae (Figs 9, 19). Needle-shaped sensory bristle curved or straight and located on back side of apical piece (Fig. 9). Head. Number of complete antennal rings in holotype 29, alternating between narrow and large rings, from the eighth to the twentieth rings. Paratype with 46 rings and ring widths alternating from the eighth to the eighteenth ring. Antennal tips composed of seven large rings and terminal bud. Number of tooth in jaw blades as in Epiperipatus titanicus sp. nov. as in dental formula: (1/1; 1/1/8). Legs. Males: 27–29 pairs of legs. Females: 29–31 pairs of legs. Nephridial tubercle on fourth and fifth pairs of legs, between third and fourth spinous pads (Fig. 20). No evidence of fifth spinous pad on fourth and fifth pairs of legs.

Figures 18–23. 

Epiperipatus lucerna sp. nov. and Epiperipatus hyperbolicus sp. nov.. Epiperipatus lucerna sp. nov., dorsal plicae, spinous pad and jaws: (18) dorsal papillae arrangement over the plicae (holotype); (19) primary papillae, holotype. Note the scales ranks on the basal piece; (20) spinous pad and nephridial tubercles of paratype. Epiperipatus hyperbolicus sp. nov., dorsal plicae, spinous pad and jaw, paratype images: (21) dorsal plicae on top view. Incomplete plicae position indicate by the arrow head; (22) spinous pad and nephridial tubercles. The Roman numbers indicate the first and last spinous pad of the leg; (23) jaw. The inner and outer blades are illustrated in the large and small boxes. Scales bars: 18, 21 = 500 µm, 19 = 20 µm, 20 = 200 µm, 22 = 100 µm, 23 (also in the small box) = 50 µm.

One or two pregenital legs with crural papillae (male) with one crural papilla each (structure not identifiable in some adult males examined). Anal glands inconspicuous (male); represented by two pores on anterior board of anal aperture.

Holotype. MNRJ 0101, ♂, Brazil, Alagoas state, Murici, Estação Ecológica de Murici (Mata da Bananeira area), 11–18.xii.2009, Costa, C.S., Giupponi, A. and Chagas–Jr leg. Paratypes. MNRJ 0102, ♀, idem; MNRJ 0103, 13♀, 6 ♂ and 3 unsexed, Brazil, Alagoas state, Murici, Estação Ecológica de Murici (Mata da Bananeira area), 11–18.xii.2009, Costa, C.S., Giupponi, A. and Chagas–Jr leg; MZUSP 0011, 1♀, idem, 26–29.vii.2012, Costa, C.S., Alcântara, D.M.C., Dias, P.S. and Nihei,S.S. leg.

(Fig. 37). Only known from the type locality (Brazil, Alagoas State, Murici, Estação Ecológica de Murici).

The specific name lucerna (L., “lamp”, feminine noun in apposition) refers to the candle shape of the apical piece of the primary papillae of this species.

Dorsal papillae with conical and small basal piece composed of truncated robust scales and primary papillae of regular size with six or seven scale ranks at base and robust and asymmetric spherical apical piece. Legs with 23 to 25 pairs.

Measurements (based on a single male): length 26, width 2.0 and height 3.0. Females: length 22–33, width 17–2.0 and height 2.0–3.0. Color (living specimens). Background color of dorsal body, arrangement of pale primary papillae, and ventral region as in Epiperipatus titanicus sp. nov. Description of body. Dorsal papillae aligned on top of folds, two primary papillae occurring close together or separated by one to three accessory papillae. Dorsal papillae with conical basal piece, composed of truncated scales (Fig. 21). Primary papillae regular in size with six or seven scale ranks at base and robust and asymmetric spherical apical piece (Figs 11, 12). Apical piece composed of overlapped scale ranks, six or seven on front and three on back (Figs 11, 12). Constriction between the two portions of primary papillae hidden (Figs 11, 12). Needle-shaped sensory bristle curved or straight and dislocated to back side of apical piece.

Head. In holotype antennae with 27 rings (28 rings in paratype, some females with 36, 37 and 41 antennal rings). In both holotype and paratype the antennal tips composed of seven broad rings and terminal bud. Antennal tip followed by alternating narrow and broad rings until sixteenth ring. Jaw blades as in Epiperipatus titanicus sp. nov. with dental formula of holotype and paratype as follows: 1/1/7 and 1/1/11 (Fig. 23). Legs. Male holotype: 23 pairs of legs. Females: 24 and 25 pairs of legs. Nephridial tubercle on fourth and fifth pairs of legs, between third and the fourth spinous pads (Fig. 22). Fourth and fifth pairs of legs without evidence of fifth spinous pad (Fig. 22).

Figures 24–30. 

Epiperipatus beckeri sp. nov. and Epiperipatus marajoara sp. nov. Epiperipatus beckeri sp. nov., dorsal body background and papillae and jaw, holotype, MNRJ 0045: (24) body background of dorsal side; (25) dorsal plicae and papillae arrangement. Note the incomplete plicae on the right side of the picture; (26) accessory papilla in posterior view. Note slight different shape between the accessory and primary papillae (see the Fig. 10); (27) teeth formula and shape. Note two accessory teeth for both blades. Note in the small box the denticles series of the outer blade, with eleven denticles. Epiperipatus marajoara sp. nov., body patterns: (28) body background of dorsal side; (29) body background of the ventral side. Note the ventral organs clearly visable. MZUSP 0022, holotype; (30) dorsal papillae arrangement around to the dorso-mediam furrow in anterior view. Note the elongate apical piece in the primary papillae and the small scale ranks (six) on the basal piece.Scale bars: 24, 28, 29 = 5.0 mm, 25 = 500 µm, 26 = 20 µm, 27 (in the small box = 50 µm), 30 = 100 µm.

One or two pairs of pregenital legs present (male) with one crural papilla on each. Anal glands inconspicuous (male); represented only by two pores on anterior margin of anal aperture.

Holotype. MNRJ 0104, ♂, Brazil, Alagoas State, Murici, Estação Ecológica de Murici (Mata da Bananeira), 11–18.xii.2009, Costa, C.S., Giupponi, A. and Chagas-Jr leg. Paratypes. MNRJ 0105, ♀, idem; MNRJ 0106, 2♀, Brazil, Alagoas State, Murici, Estação Ecológica de Murici (Mata da Bananeira), 11–18.xii.2009, Costa, C.S., Giupponi, A. and Chagas-Jr leg.

(Fig. 37). Only known from the type locality (Brazil, Alagoas State, Murici, Estação Ecológica de Murici).

The specific name hyperbolicus, hyperbolica, hyperbolicum (Latinized adjective “exaggerated”, from Greek ὑπερβολή, plus suffix -icus) refers to the large spherical shape of the apical piece of the primary papillae of this species.

Dorsal background color of body light orange, with dark orange dorsomedian furrow, and antennae purple brownish. Apical piece of primary papillae symmetrical, reduced, not hidden basally.

Compound description. Measurements: length 35–53, width 2.0–4.0, height 4.0. Holotype: length 53, width 4.0, height 2.0. Color (living specimens). Background color of body of the specimen is moderate yellowish pink (29) with a mid-longitudinal pale orange yellow (73) wavy stripe interrupted by well-defined background color cardioid patches (Fig. 24). Dorsomedian furrow thin, dark yellowish pink (30). Anterior portion of head strong yellowish pink (26) gradually turning to light violet (210) in antennae (Fig. 24). Arrangement of pale primary papillae as in Epiperipatus titanicus. Background color of body of juvenile light violet (210). Description of body. Dorsal papillae roundish and close together, rarely varying in the size. Larger, pale, primary papillae present, except in juveniles, marked only by faded aspect. Dorsal papillae aligned on top of folds. When separate there are 2 to 4 accessory papillae between two primary papillae (Fig. 25). Base of primary papillae conical and apical piece symmetrical and reduced, with some exceptions (see comments) (Fig. 10). Seven to twelve scale ranks at base and only one scale rank on apical piece (Fig. 10). Bristle on apical piece narrow and long, sometimes as long as apical piece (Fig. 10). Accessory papillae conical, generally the same size as primary papillae, but without apical piece (Fig. 26). Plicae regular, 12 per segment over legs, seven crossing to ventral side and incomplete plicae shorter than length of dorsal side (Fig. 25). Head. Holotype with 44 rings with seven broad rings on antennal tip and followed by sequence of alternating narrow and broad rings until fourteenth ring. In the other adult female there are 40 rings with the same aspect described for the holotype. Jaws (holotype) dental formula: 1/2 and 1/2/11 (Fig. 27).

Legs. Twenty-eight to thirty (juveniles included). Holotype with 30 pairs of legs. Nephridial tubercles between third and fourth spinous pads, connected by strait isthmus on top with third spinous pad. Two prolateral and one retrolateral foot papillae on feet of fourth and fifth legs.

Figures 31–36. 

Epiperipatus marajoara sp. nov., Epiperipatus cratensis, E. brasiliensis and E. paurognostus. Epiperipatus marajoara sp. nov., MZUSP 0022, holotype: (31) spinous pad and the nephridial tubercle of the fifth leg; (32) inner and outer blade of right jaw. The accessory tooth is broken in the outer blade. (33, 35) Epiperipatus cratensis, MZUSP 0083, dorsal papillae arrangement with dorsomedian furrow on the top of image and primary papillae in lateral view, respectively. (34) E. brasiliensis, MZUSP 0121, primary papillae in lateral view. (36) E. paurognostus, UFMG 0184, dorsal papillae arrangement. Note all dorsal papillae are proeminent. Scale bars 31, 32 = 30 µm, 33 = 500 µm, 34 = 20 µm, 35 = 100 µm, 36 = 40 µm.

Males unknown.

Holotype. ♀, Brazil, Bahia State, Camacan, Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural Serra Bonita, 11–15.vi.2009, Chagas-Jr, A., Dill, V., Giupponi, A., Pedroso, D. & Kury, A. Leg (MNRJ 0045),. Paratypes. 1 ♀ and 4 juveniles, Brazil, Bahia State, Camacan, Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural da Serra Bonita, 14.ii to 12.iii.2009, M. Teixeira Junior leg. (MZUSP 0017).

(Fig. 37). Only known from the type locality (Brazil, Bahia State, Camacan, Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural Serra Bonita.).

Figure 37. 

Distribution records of species of Epiperipatus in Brazil. Colors on the map correspond to biomes. The new species are represented by stars on the map. The absence of E. tucupi, is due to the inaccurate original label (the only data is “Pará state”).

The specific name beckeri (German surname, noun with Latin ending -i of the genitive case) honoring the naturalist and entomologist Vitor O. Becker, who created and is responsible for the administration of Reserva Particular da Serra Bonita, Camacan, Bahia State.

The main differences between juveniles and adults are the color and the kind of dorsal papillae they display. A juvenile was photographed in vivo with background color of body very dark purplish red (260), without diamond areas. The other post-fixed juvenile darker than adults, with background color of body dark brown (55), diamond areas brownish orange (54) and legs on dorsal region pale yellow (89).

The regular primary papillae and accessory papillae have similar size in the adult. In the juveniles, the largest pale primary papillae are more diverse on the dorsal plicae. These primary papillae have a spherical everted and robust apical piece, their arrangement forming longitudinal lines similar to the condition found in the holotype.

This species has dorsal background color of body in the brown spectrum, dorsal diamond pattern inconspicuous or absent, roundish dorsal papillae, primary papillae with well-developed base, and a cylindrical apical piece.

Compound description. Measurements. Females. Length 40, 50 and 65 (specimens from NHM examined by Bouvier in his monograph). Males. Length 27–34, width 2.0–7.0, height 1.0–6.0. The single female is: length 33, width 2.8, height 1.2. Color (living specimens). Background color of body Light Grayish Brown (60) overlaid with brownish pink (33) diamond-shaped makers. Dorsalmedian furrow moderate brown (58), and antennae grayish reddish brown (46) (Figs 28, 29). Largest primary papillae pale and distinguishable in vivo by the light brown (57) color. Found on alternate plicae and forming longitudinal sequences on dorsal integument. Dorsal side of legs same color as dorsal background color of body. Color uniform on ventral surface, grayish yellowish pink (32), except for white spot splashed on integument over the ventral organs (Fig. 29). The number of pale primary papillae increases towards legs. Description of body. Dorsal papillae aligned on top of folds, with two primary papillae separated by one to three accessory papillae (Fig. 30). Both have conical and artichoke-like basal pieces, and are composed of overlapping lanceolate scale ranks. Primary papillae the largest dorsal papillae, bearing five to six scale ranks basally. Apical piece conical and reduced (Fig. 30), composed of three scale ranks on front side and two scale ranks on back side. Constriction between base and apical piece hidden by basal scale ranks. Bristle slightly displaced to posterior region of apical piece.

Head. Antennae composed of 43 to 47 rings. Antennal tip composed of seven broad rings, except the terminal disc on top, followed by sequence of narrow and broad rings until at least the eighteenth antennal ring. Jaws with two blades and both composed of one long curved main tooth followed by one accessory tooth. Dental formula of outer and inner for holotype and paratype are: 1/1 and 1/1/8 (Fig. 32). Legs. Males: 27 pairs of legs. Single female with 31 pairs of legs. Nephridial tubercle on fourth and the fifth pairs of legs, between third and fourth spinous pads (Fig. 31), no evidence of fifth spinous pad.

Sexual dimorphism. One or two pregenital legs with one or two crural papillae (male), absent in females. Anal glands inconspicuous (male); represented only by two pores on anterior margin of anal aperture, absent in females.

Holotype. ♂, Brazil, Pará State, Island of Marajó, Breves, Reserva de Extrativista Mapuá, Breves; 4–8.xii.2012; Cristiano Sampaio Costa leg. (MZUSP 0022). Paratypes. Same data as holotype. ♀ (MZUSP 0027). 4 ♂ (MZUSP 0023-0026). 3♀, Breves, Marajó Island, Brazil, Amazon, 96.5.14.6-8 (NHM # 1004943, 1004944, 1004945).

(Fig. 37). Only known from the type locality (Brazil, Pará State, Breves, Reserva Extrativista Mapuá).

The specific name marajoara (demonymic noun in apposition; invariable), honors the marajoara people, natives from the Island of Marajó.

This species was discovered comparing the descriptions with bona fide specimens of E. simoni from NHM and specimens collected from the Island of Marajó, Pará State, Brazil. The type locality of E. simoni is Caracas in Venezuela, with records in Breves, Island of Marajó (Pará State) and Rio de Janeiro State (see Sampaio-Costa et al. 2009). We examined the specimens of E. simoni from Breves identified by Bouvier (1905) deposited in the NHM and we considered a misidentification of the new species here described. Also, we examined the integument of the specimens of E. simoni from Rio de Janeiro (Sampaio-Costa et al. 2009: 556) and we believe both records are misidentifications and belong to undescribed species.