Research Article |
Corresponding author: Viviane Rodrigues de Sousa ( sousavrodrigues@gmail.com ) Academic editor: Gabriel L. F. Mejdalani
© 2017 Viviane Rodrigues de Sousa, Márcia Souto Couri.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
de Sousa VR, Couri MS (2017) Phytobia (Diptera: Agromyzidae) from Brazil: new species, new record and a key to the Neotropical species. Zoologia 34: 1-25. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.34.e12308
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Phytobia Lioy, 1864 flies occur in all continents. There are four recorded species of these flies in Brazil, but recent expeditions at unexplored areas in the country have revealed that the genus is far more diverse than previously known. Based on material collected in the states of Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, and Rondônia (as part of the SISBIOTA Diptera Project), we describe fourteen new species of Phytobia. Additionally, we redescribe P. kallima (Frost), previously recorded only from Panama, and provide a key to the 32 resulting Neotropical species. All descriptions include details and illustrations of the male and female terminalia. The speciemens are deposited in the collections of Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo (São Paulo, Brazil) and Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil).
Brazilian species, leaf-mining flies, morphology, taxonomy, tropical forest.
Phytobia Lioy, 1864 includes about 65 species worldwide, according to
Phytobia species have a unique feeding behavior among the Agromyzidae. Their larvae feed on young xylem, a plesiomorphic feature within the family (
Phytobia flies are economically relevant because they damage several trees that are important to humans (e.g., cricket bat, cheese box, and inlay industry). The larval marks, called “pith flecks”, may decrease the commercial value of wood (
Although the host plants of all Neotropical Phytobia are yet to be documented, it is believed that their larvae are xylem feeders (
The identification of Phytobia can be difficult, since some species have characters of the Agromyzinae while others have characters of the Phytomyzinae. Using the key of
This paper describes fourteen new species of Phytobia and presents the redescription of P. kallima (Frost), newly recorded from Brazil. An illustrated key to 32 valid Neotropical species is provided.
Specimens were collected in three Brazilian states: Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, and Rondônia, where expeditions were made during 2011 and 2013, as part of the “SISBIOTA Diptera Project”, a project that aimed to access the Diptera fauna of hitherto unexplored areas of Brazil. The material was captured using entomological nets and Malaise traps and was preserved in 98% alcohol. All specimens were mounted on entomological pins and deposited in the collections of Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo (MZUSP) and Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (MNRJ).
Male and female terminalia were macerated in KOH 10% for 48 hours and then placed in concave slides with glycerin for dissection. The drawings were made under an optical microscope using a camera lucida. Digital images of the species were made using a Leica MZ16 stereomicroscope and the AutoMontage software (Syncroscopy, version 5.03.0061). The terminology follows
A key was elaborated to segregate the 32 species recorded from the Neotropical region and includes information on their geographical distribution, illustrations of the male terminalia for the new species, and illustrations and diagnoses available in the literature (for the previously described species). Additional characters are added within brackets. The types of the species from Brazil are deposited in the MZUSP collection, and were examined for the preparation of the key and for comparisons with the new species. Only the terminali of the adult male of P. xanthophora were analyzed, since all other parts have been lost.
Abbreviations for morphological and chaetotaxy terms: (acr) acrostichal setulae; (C) costal vein; (CuA1) cubital A1; (dc) dorsocentral seta; (dm-cu) discal medial-cubital crossvein; (ia) intra-alar seta; (ivt) inner vertical seta; (M) medial vein; (npl) notopleural seta; (oc) ocellar seta; (ori) lower frontal seta; (ors) upper frontal seta; (ovt) outer vertical seta; (pal) postalar seta; (pd) posterodorsal seta; (pp) propleural seta; (pprn) postpronotal (humeral) seta; (prs) presutural seta; (R1) first radial vein; (R4+5) third radial vein; (r-m) radial medial crossvein; (Sc) subcostal vein.
All Phytobia species studied share the following characters: interfrontal hairs absent; eye bare; oc long, strong, parallel, and forward directed; ivt long and strong; ovt strong and outward directed; one row of strong peristomals; pp present; 1 prs; 1 ia; 1 sa; 2 pal; 1 pprn; posthumeral absent; 2 long and strong pairs of scutellar setae, 1 sub-basal, 1 apical; katepisternum with medium and thin setae and 1 long and strong posterior seta; Sc joining R1 before reaching C and distal margin of R1 straigth at junction; C extending to M; fore femur with strong row of pd setae; fore tibia with 1 ventral apical seta; mid and hind femora without differentiated setae; mid tibia with 1 ventral apical seta; hind tibia with an apical ventral seta.
Holotype ♂: BRASIL, RO [Rondônia]: Campo Novo. Fazenda Amorim. 10°40’6”S, 63°29’0”W – 248m, Malaise, 03–15.xii.2011, Amorim, Ament & Riccardi cols. [MZUSP] (Fig.
Map of the collecting localities in Brazil: (1) Phytobia amazonica sp. nov., P. cacaulandia sp. nov., P. communis sp. nov.; (2) P. delicata sp. nov., P. flavifrontalis sp. nov., P. kallima (Frost), P. lamasi sp. nov., P. megapodema sp. nov.; (3) P. multisetosa sp. nov., P. niheii sp. nov., P. planipalpis sp. nov., P. pyri sp. nov.; (4) P. simpla sp. nov., P. spinifera sp. nov., P. spinosula sp. nov.
Male. Body length 2.0 mm; wing length 2.2 mm (Fig.
Adults, lateral view: (5) Phytobia amazonica sp. nov., holotype male; (6) P. cacaulandia sp. nov., holotype male; (7) P. communis sp. nov., holotype male; (8) P. delicata sp. nov., holotype male; (9) P. delicata sp. nov., female; (10) P. flavifrontalis sp. nov., holotype male, (11) female; (12) P. kallima (Frost), male; (13) P. lamasi sp. nov., holotype male; (14) P. megapodema sp. nov., holotype male. Scale bars: 1 mm.
Adults, lateral view: (15) Phytobia megapodema sp. nov., female; (16) P. multisetosa sp. nov., holotype male, (17) female; (18) P. niheii sp. nov., holotype male, (19) female; (20) P. planipalpis sp. nov., holotype male; (21) P. planipalpis sp. nov., female; (22) P. pyri sp. nov., holotype male; (23) P. simpla sp. nov., holotype male: (24) P. spinifera sp. nov., holotype male; (25) P. spinosula sp. nov., holotype male. Scale bars: 1 mm.
Female. Unknown.
Color. Frons mat black; fronto-orbital plate black, weakly shining; upper dark orbit touching ovt and ivt; ocellar triangle black, greyish pollinose; lunule silvery; face greyish-brown; clypeus black subshining; gena dark brown; scape and pedicel brown; first flagellomere dark brown; arista and palpus brown; proboscis and labellum yellow, with yellow setae; scutum slightly shining black, with yellow area before scutellum and forming two distinct bands divided by narrow yellow stripe (Fig.
Color pattern of the scutum: (26) Phytobia amazonica sp. nov.; (27) P. cacaulandia sp. nov.; (28) P. communis sp. nov.; (29) P. delicata sp. nov.; (30) P. flavifrontalis sp. nov.; (31) P. lamasi sp. nov.; (32) P. megapodema sp. nov.; (33) P. niheii sp. nov.; (34) P. pyri sp. nov.; (35) P. spinifera sp. nov.
Head. Frons slightly visible above eye margin in lateral profile; 2 reclinate ors and 2 inclinate ori, similar in size; orbital setulae slightly reclinate in one row; facial keel differenciated, extending to bases of antennae, slightly widening below; eye height/parafacialia+gena: 5; ocellar triangle short, ending before second ors; lunule high, about 20% of frons length; clypeus rounded; epistoma height 0.06 mm; first flagellomere rounded and finely pubescent; arista long, almost same vertical height of eye, finely pubescent; vibrissa long and strong, measuring half of aristal length.
Thorax. Acr in eight irregular rows; prsc absent; 1+3 dc, first presutural broken, second and third long, last one a little stronger; 2 npl, posterior one shorter. Wings. Wing tip nearer to R4+5 than to M; R4+5 and M slightly recurved; C sections 2–4 in proportion: 0.58: 0.23: 0.17; ultimate section of CuA1 0.8 length of basal section; r-m basal to midpoint of dm. Legs. Fore tibia without pd, mid tibia with 3 pd on middle third.
Terminalia. Epandrium rounded with long setae and two strong spines at base; cercus long, 2/3 height of epandrium, setulose with distinct seta at apex; postgonite with three basal setae in ventral view; surstylus with 10–11 setae; hypandrium U-shaped; phallapodeme about three times length of hypandrium; mesophallus bulb-shaped; distiphallus short, with same length of mesophallus and sclerotized at base (Figs
(36–38) Phytobia amazonica sp. nov.: (36) phallus, lateral view; (37) phallus, ventral view; (38) ejaculatory apodeme; (39–41) P. cacaulandia sp. nov.: (39) phallus, lateral view; (40) phallus, ventral view; (41) ejaculatory apodeme; (42–44) P. communis sp. nov.: (42) phallus, lateral view; (43) phallus, ventral view; (44) ejaculatory apodeme. Scale bars: 36, 37, 39, 40, 43, 44 = 0.2 mm, 38, 41, 44 = 0.1 mm.
Rondônia (Brazil).
The specific epithet refers to the Amazonian Rain Forest biome, where the species was found.
This new species differs from congeners by the chaetotaxy of the mid tibia with 3 pd median setae, postgonite with three basal setae, surstylus with 10–11 setae, distiphallus with median constriction, and ejaculatory apodeme very broad.
Holotype ♂: BRASIL, RO [Rondônia]: Cacaulândia. Cachoeira do Jamari. 10°13’26.8”S, 63°13’49.0”W – 131m. 22.v.2012. Sousa, V.R. col. [MZUSP] (Fig.
Male. Body length 3.3 mm; wing length 2.9 mm (Fig.
Female. Unknown.
Color. Frons mat black; fronto-orbital plate and ocellar triangle weakly shining black; upper dark orbit touching ovt and ivt; lunule yellowish-silvery; face greyish-brown; clypeus shiny black; gena dark brown; antenna entirely dark brown; arista and palpus brown; proboscis brownish-yellow; labellum brownish-yellow, with light setae; scutum mat black, with yellow area before scutellum, forming one short band divided by narrow yellow stripe (Fig.
Head. Frons not visible above eye margin in lateral profile; 2 reclinate ors and 2 inclined inwards ori, similar in size; orbital setulae slightly reclinate, in one row; facial keel not differenciated; eye height/parafacialia+gena: 12; ocellar triangle short, ending to second ors; lunule very high, about 40% of frons length; clypeus rounded; epistoma height 0.04 mm; first flagellomere rounded and finely pubescent; arista long, almost same vertical height of eye, finely pubescent; vibrissa strong, measuring 2/3 of aristal length.
Thorax. Acr in seven irregular rows; prsc absent; 1+3 dc, third longer and stronger than others; 2 npl, similar in size. Wings. Wing tip between R4+5 and M; R4+5 and M straight; C sections 2–4 in proportion: 0.61: 0.22: 0.16; ultimate section of CuA1 0.55 length of basal section; r-m distal to midpoint of dm. Legs. Fore tibia with 1 pd; mid tibia with 2 pd on middle third.
Terminalia. Epandrium rounded, setulose, with long setae; cercus long, large, about 1/3 height of epandrium and with small and thin setae; surstylus short, rounded, with about 11–13 long and strong setae; hypandrium U-shaped; phallapodeme about three times length of hypandrium; basiphallus rounded; distiphallus short (Figs
Rondônia (Brazil).
The specific epithet refers to the type locality, Cacaulândia, where the holotype was collected.
This new species has a singularly infuscated wing with a brown area above Sc and in cup cell. This pattern has not been seen in any other species of Phytobia. The wing of P. lanei Spencer, 1966 is conspicuously spotted and the wing of P. rabelloi Spencer, 1966 is fully infuscated. In addition, P. cacaulandia sp. nov. can also be distinguished from other species in the length of the wing, 2.9 mm (5.1 mm in P. lanei), number of dorsocentrals 1+3 (1+4 in P. rabelloi), the shape of the phallus, and the ejaculatory apodeme with lower blade broader than base. This species also has a distinct pd on fore tibia.
Holotype ♂: BRASIL, RO [Rondônia], Campo Novo, Fazenda Amorim 10°40’6”S, 63°29’0”W – 248m. Malaise trap. 03–15.xii.2011, Amorim, Ament & Riccardi cols. [MZUSP]. Paratypes: same data as holotype, 2 ♂ [MZUSP], 2 ♂ [MNRJ] (Fig.
Male. Body length 1.9–2.4 mm; wing length 2.1–2.3 mm (Fig.
Female. Unknown.
Color. Frons and fronto-orbital plate mat black, with lower half reddish-brown; upper dark orbit touching ovt and ivt; ocellar triangle mat black, grey pollinose; lunule silver brown; face brown; clypeus shining black; gena brown; antenna entirely orange brown; arista brown; palpus yellow, with black setae apically; proboscis yellow; labellum yellow, with yellow setae; scutum brown, grey pollinose presuturaly, with transverse band brown weakly shinning postsuturaly, light yellow laterally and before scutellum (Fig.
Head. Frons not visible above eye margin in lateral profile; 2 reclinate ors and 2 inclinate inwards ori, similar in size; orbital setulae erect in one row; facial keel undifferenciated; eye height/parafacialia+gena: 4; ocellar triangle short, ending before second ors; lunule high, about 28% of frons length; clypeus rounded; epistoma height 0.04 mm; first flagellomere rounded and finely pubescent; arista long, almost same vertical height of eye, finely pubescent; vibrissa long and strong, measuring 2/3 of aristal length.
Thorax. Acr in eight irregular rows; prsc absent; 1+3 dc, presutural and first postsutural shorter than second and third; 2 npl, similar in size. Wings. Wing tip nearer R4+5 than M; R4+5 and M straight; C sections 2–4: 0.72:0.16:0.12; ultimate section of CuA1 with same length of basal section; r-m distal to midpoint of dm. Legs. Fore tibia without pd; mid tibia with 2 pd on middle third.
Terminalia. Epandrium rounded with long setae; cercus short, about 1/3 height of epandrium, with long setae; surstylus rounded, triangular on apex, with about 32 setae; hypandrium short and U-shaped; phallapodeme about 2.5 length of hypandrium; mesophallus well sclerotized, V-shaped; distiphallus sclerotized with two arms, with membrane surrounding it (Figs
Rondônia (Brazil).
The specific epithet refers to the common characters showed by the species within the genus, except the male terminalia.
This new species is morphologically similar to P. megapodema sp. nov. in the length of the body and wing and in the general color of the body, but it can be differentiated by the antennae entirely orange brown; surstylus with about 32 setae, distiphallus well sclerotized with two arms and short ejaculatory apodeme.
Holotype ♂: BRASIL: MT [Mato Grosso], Chapada dos Guimarães (cerrado) – Trilha da Cach. Andorinha. 15°20’33.37”S, 056°47’37.16”W. Coleta ativa. 17.i.2013. Lamas, Nihei & Eq. cols. Paratypes: 1 ♀, Trilha da Pedra – final (mirante). 15°24’21.8”S, 055°50’07.5”W. Malaise 22. 17.i-09.iii.2012; 1 ♀, BRASIL, MS [Mato Grosso do Sul]: Corumbá, BEP – Mata Ciliar, Rio Miranda, 76m. 19°34’30.06”S, 57°00’52.4”W. 18.ix-03.x.2011. Malaise 03. Lamas, Nihei & eq. cols.; 2 ♀ Corumbá, BEP, Paratudal, 104m. 19°34’11.4”S, 57°01’08.5”W. 02.xi-02.xii.2011. Malaise 01. Lamas, Nihei & Eq. col.; 2 ♀, 01–16.viii.2012. [all in MZUSP] (Fig.
Male. Body length 1.8 mm; wing length 1.7 mm (Fig.
Female. Body length 2.1–2.2 mm; wing length 1.9–2.2 mm (Fig.
Color. Frons mat black; fronto-orbital plate shining black; upper shiny dark orbit touching ovt and ivt; ocellar triangle mat black; lunule silvery; face greyish-black; clypeus black subshining; gena brown; antenna and arista entirely brown; palpus brown; proboscis yellow; labellum yellow, with yellow setae; scutum weakly shining brown, light yellow laterally and before scutellum, black ia area of scutum not reaching scutellum and forming two distinct bands divided by narrow yellow stripe (Fig.
Head. Frons slightly visible above eye margin in lateral profile; 2 reclinate ors and 2 inclinate inwards ori, first ori more inclinate than second ori and slightly thinner and shorter than others; orbital setulae slightly reclinate in one row; facial keel undifferenciated; eye height/parafacialia+gena: 6; ocellar triangle short, ending shortly after second ors; lunule a little high, about 16% of frons length; clypeus obtuse; epistoma height 0.02 mm; first flagellomere rounded and finely pubescent; arista long, same size vertical height of eye, finely pubescent; vibrissa short and thin, measuring about 1/3 of aristal length.
Thorax. Acr in six irregular rows; prsc absent; 1+3 dc, presutural thinner and shorter than others, second broken, third and fourth long and strong; 2 npl, similar in size. Wings. Wing tip nearer R4+5 than to M; R4+5 and M erect; C sections 2–4: 0.72:0.18:0.09; ultimate section of CuA1 0.9 length of basal section; r-m basal to midpoint of dm. Legs. Fore tibia without pd; mid tibia with 2 pd on middle third.
Terminalia. Epandrium rounded with long setae; cercus long, slightly more than 2/3 height of epandrium and with long setae and 2 distinct at apex; surstylus rounded with about 11–19 setae; hypandrium U-shaped; phallapodeme about 2.5 times length of hypandrium; basiphallus and distiphallus membranous; distiphallus membranous, sclerotized centrally (Figs
(45–49) Phytobia delicata sp. nov.: (45) phallus, lateral view; (46) phallus, ventral view; (47) ejaculatory apodeme; (48) oviscape; (49) spermathecae; (50–54) P. flavifrontalis sp. nov.: (50) phallus, lateral view; (51) phallus, ventral view; (52) ejaculatory apodeme; (53) oviscape; (54) spermathecae. Scale bars: 45, 46, 48, 50, 51, 53 = 0.2 mm, 47, 49, 52, 54 = 0.1 mm.
Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul (Brazil).
The specific epithet refers to the membranous and delicate phallus.
Phytobia delicata sp. nov. is morphologically similar to P. spinifera sp. nov. in external characters and coloration of the body, but can be differentiated by the rounded surstylus with about 11–19 setae and distiphallus membranous, sclerotized centrally.
Holotype ♂: BRASIL, RO [Rondônia]: Monte Negro. Setor Chacareiro. 10°16’21.4”S, 63°20’45.4”W – 186m. 20.v.2012. Sousa, V.R. col. [MZUSP]. Paratypes: 1 ♂, Campo Novo. Fazenda Amorim. 10°40’6”S, 63°29’0”W – 248m. Malaise. 03–15.xii.2012. Amorim, Ament & Riccardi cols. [MNRJ]; 1 ♂, BRASIL, MT [Mato Grosso]: Chapada dos Guimarães (Cerrado) – Trilha da Pedra – final (mirante). 15°24’21.8”S, 055°50’07.5”W. Malaise 22. 17.i-09.iii.2012. Lamas, Nihei & Eq. cols. [MNRJ]; 1 ♀, Parque Nacional Chapada dos Guimarães. Cachoeira Véu de Noiva – Mata ciliar. 15°24’33.4”S, 55°49’54.1”W. Malaise 45. 20.ix-31.x.2012. Lamas, Nihei & Eq. cols. [MZUSP] (Fig.
Male. Body length 1.7 mm; wing length 1.9 mm (Fig.
Female. Body length 2.3 mm; wing length 2.0 mm (Fig.
Color. Frons egg yellow in lower half and yellow with pollinose silver on upper half; fronto-orbital plate yellow; upper dark orbit touching ovt and yellowish in ivt; ocellar triangle brownish-black; lunule and face greyish-yellow; clypeus dark subshining; gena yellow; scape and pedicel dark brown, first flagellomere dark brown, orange anteriorly; arista brown; palpus yellow, with black and yellow setae apically; proboscis yellow; labellum yellow, with yellow setae; scutum brown, grey pollinose, light greyish-yellow before scutellum (Fig.
Head. Frons not visible above eye margin in lateral profile; 2 reclinate ors and 2 inclinate inwards ori, ori slightly thinner and shorter than ors; orbital setulae thin and short, slightly reclinate in one row; facial keel undifferenciated; eye height/parafacialia+gena: 5.5; ocellar triangle short, ending before second ors; lunule a little high, about 14% of frons length; clypeus rounded; epistoma height 0.01 mm; first flagellomere rounded and finely pubescent; arista long, slightly longer than vertical height of eye, finely pubescent; vibrissa short and strong, measuring about 1/3 of aristal length.
Thorax. Acr in seven irregular rows; prsc absent; 1+3 dc, increasing size from presutural to third postutural; 2 npl, similar in size. Wings. Wing tip between R4+5 and M; R4+5 and M straight; C sections 2–4: 0.66:0.16:0.16; ultimate section of CuA1 0.8 length of basal section; r-m at midpoint of dm. Legs. Fore tibia without pd; mid tibia with 2 pd on middle third.
Terminalia. Epandrium rounded with long setae; cercus long, about 2/3 height of epandrium and with long setae; postgonite with basal seta in ventral view; surstylus rounded with about 11–18 setae; hypandrium U-shaped; phallapodeme about 2.5 times length of hypandrium; distiphallus as in Figs
Rondônia and Mato Grosso (Brazil).
The specific epithet refers to the egg-yellow frons of the species.
This new species resembles P. pipinna (Sasakawa, 1992) from Peru in the yellow coloration of the body, but can be differentiated by the short wing and body length, scape and pedicel dark brown, frons conspicuously egg yolk yellow in lower half and yellow silver pollinose on upper half, one seta on postgonite, surstylus with about 11–18 setae, phallus shape, and the broad ejaculatory apodeme.
Phytobia
kallima
, Spencer, 1967: 83.7 (catalogue);
Phytobia (Phytobia) kallima
,
Agromyza kallima Frost, 1936: 299
1 ♂, BRASIL, MS [Mato Grosso do Sul]: Corguinho, Taboco, Reserva Quinta do Sol. 19°46’45.4”S, 55°14’36.2”W. 12–29.viii.2012. Malaise 13. Lamas, Nihei & eq. cols. [MZUSP] (Fig.
Male. Body length 3.2 mm; wing length 2.6 mm (Fig.
Female. Unknown.
Color. Frons mat black; fronto-orbital plate shining black; upper dark orbit touching ovt and ivt; ocellar triangle mat black; lunule silvery; face brown with grey pollinose; clypeus black, sligltly shiny; gena dark brown; antenna and arista entirely brown; palpus brown; proboscis light brown; labellum light brown, with brown setae; scutum dark brown, weakly shining; scutellum dark brown; postpronotum, notopleuron, anepimeron, anepisternum, katepimeron, katepisternum, and meron dark brown; haltere entirely light yellow; calypters light yellow with margin and fringe brown; upper fourth of wing brown and with brown area from radial sector reaching transversal r-m and dm-cu veins; legs dark brown; pulvilli yellow; abdomen entirely dark brown.
Head. Frons strongly visible above eye margin in lateral profile; 2 ors, first broken, second reclinate; 2 sligtly reclinate ori, ori shorter and thinner than ors; orbital setulae slightly reclinate in one row; facial keel undifferenciated; eye height/parafacialia+gena: 3; ocellar triangle short, ending before second ors; lunule high, about 30% of frons length; clypeus obtuse; epistoma height 0.04 mm; first flagellomere rounded and finely pubescent; arista long, about 2/3 of vertical height of eye, finely pubescent; vibrissa strong, measuring half of aristal length.
Thorax. Acr in eight irregular rows; prsc present; 1+3 dc, increasing in size from presutural to third postsutural; 2 npl, similar in size. Wings. Wing tip between R4+5 and M; R4+5 and M slightly recurved; C sections 2–4: 0.68:0.15:0.15; ultimate section of CuA1 0.44 length of basal section; r-m distal to midpoint of dm, close to limit of apical third. Legs. Fore tibia without pd; mid tibia with 2 pd on middle third.
Terminalia. Epandrium large and rounded with long setae; cercus short, slightly less than 1/3 height of epandrium and with long setae and one distinct at apex; surstylus oblong and large with about 23–32 setae; hypandrium U-shaped; phallapodeme about twice length of hypandrium; mesophallus tubular; distiphallus as in Figs
(55–57) Phytobia kallima (Frost): (55) phallus, lateral view; (56) phallus, ventral view; (57) ejaculatory apodeme; (58–60) P. lamasi sp. nov.: (58) phallus, lateral view; (59) phallus, ventral view; (60) ejaculatory apodeme; (61–65) P. megapodema sp. nov.: (61) phallus, lateral view; (62) phallus, ventral view; (63) ejaculatory apodeme; (64) oviscape; (65) spermathecae. Scale bars: 55, 56, 58, 59, 61, 62, 64 = 0.2 mm, 57, 60, 63, 65 = 0.1 mm.
Panama, Mato Grosso do Sul (Brazil). New record from Brazil.
Phytobia kallima was described by
Holotype ♂: BRASIL, RO [Rondônia]: Campo Novo. Fazenda Amorim. 10°40’6”S, 63°29’0”W – 248m, Malaise trap 6m, 03–15.xii.2011, Amorim, Ament & Riccardi cols. Paratypes: same data as holotype, 1 ♂ [MZUSP], 2 ♂ [MNRJ] (Fig.
Male. Body length 2.4–2.5 mm; wing length 1.9–2.0 mm (Fig.
Female. Unknown.
Color. Frons mat black; fronto-orbital plate black, weakly shining; upper dark orbit touching ovt and ivt ocellar triangle black, greyish pollinose; lunule silvery; face greyish-brown; clypeus black subshining; gena dark brown; scape and pedicel brown; first flagellomere dark brown; arista and palpus brown; proboscis and labellum yellow, with yellow setae; scutum weakly shining black, with yellow area before scutellum (Fig.
Head. Frons not visible above eye margin in lateral profile; 2 reclinate ors and 2 inclinate inwards ori, similar in size; orbital setulae slightly reclinate in one row; facial keel undifferenciated; eye height/parafacialia+gena: 4.5; ocellar triangle short, ending before second ors; lunule high, about 23% of frons length; clypeus rounded; epistoma height 0.03 mm; first flagellomere rounded and finely pubescent; arista long, almost same vertical height of eye, finely pubescent; vibrissa short and strong, 1/3 of aristal length.
Thorax. Acr in eight irregular rows; prsc absent; 1+3 dc, presutural short and thin first postsutural broken, second and third long and strong; 2 npl, similar in size. Wings. Wing tip between R4+5 and M; R4+5 and M sligtly recurved; C sections 2–4: 0.66:0.2:0.13; ultimate section of CuA1 0.85 length of basal section; r-m basal to midpoint of dm. Legs. Fore tibia without pd (present in one paratype); mid tibia with 2 pd on middle third.
Terminalia. Epandrium rounded with long setae; cercus short, about 1/3 height of epandrium, setulose and with 4 distinct long apical setae; postgonite with 3–4 short setae at apex; surstylus rounded, with about 12 setae; hypandrium U-shaped; phallapodeme about twice length of hypandrium; mesophallus simple and straight; distiphallus rounded with two sclerotized areas centrally (Figs
Rondônia (Brazil).
The specific epithet is in honor of Dr. Carlos Einicker Lamas (Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo) in recognition of his great contribution to the Brazilian Diptera fauna knowledge.
This new species resembles P. spinifera sp. nov. and P. delicata sp. nov. in the general coloration of the body and chaetotaxy, but can be distinguished from them by the yellow abdomen with a brown stripe on tergites 3–5 and tergite 6 almost entirely brown. It also differs by the presence of 3–4 short setae at apex of postgonite, surstylus with about 12 setae, and distiphallus rounded with two sclerotized areas centrally.
Holotype ♂: BRASIL: MS [Mato Grosso do Sul]: Corguinho, Taboco, Reserva Quinta do Sol. 19°46’45.4”S, 55°14’36.2”W. 29.viii-12.ix.2012. Malaise 13. Lamas, Nihei & eq. cols. Paratypes: same data as holotype, 1 ♀ [MZUSP]; 1 ♀, 12–29.viii.2012 [MNRJ]; 1 ♂, BRASIL: MT [Mato Grosso]: Chapada dos Guimarães. Mata ciliar – Cachoeira Véu da Noiva. 15°24’33.4”S, 055°49’54.1”W. Malaise 45. 09.vii-09.viii.2012. Lamas, Nihei & eq. cols. [MNRJ]; 1 ♂, BRASIL: RO [Rondônia]: Campo Novo. Fazenda Amorim. 10°40’6”S, 63°29”0”W – 248m. Malaise. 03–15.xii.2011. Amorim, Ament & Riccardi cols. [MZUSP] (Fig.
Male. Body length 2.4 mm; wing length 2.25 mm (Fig.
Female. Body length 2.7 mm; wing length 2.4 mm (Fig.
Color. Frons mat black, more brownish at base; fronto-orbital plate shining black; upper dark orbit touching ovt and ivt; ocellar triangle mat black; lunule silvery; face black with grey pollinose; clypeus mat black; gena dark brown; scape and pedicel brown; first flagellomere brown, light brown apically; arista and palpus brown; proboscis light brown; labellum light brown, with yellow setae; scutum dark brown, grey pollinose, light yellow before scutellum (Fig.
Head. Frons not visible above eye margin in lateral profile; 2 ors and 2 ori, all reclinate and similar in size; orbital setulae erect in one row; facial keel undifferenciated; eye height/parafacialia+gena: 0.6 mm; ocellar triangle short, extending before second ors; lunule high, 23% of frons length; clypeus rounded; epistoma height 0.05 mm; first flagellomere rounded and finely pubescent; arista long, slightly longer than vertical height of eye, finely pubescent; vibrissa short and strong, measuring about 1/3 of aristal length.
Thorax. Acr in nine irregular rows; prsc absent; 1+3 dc, presutural and first postsutural shorter than two others; 2 npl, similar in size. Wings. Wing tip between R4+5 and M; R4+5 and M slightly recurved; C sections 2–4 in proportions: 0.64:0.17:0.17; ultimate section of CuA1 with same length of basal section; r-m distal to midpoint of dm. Legs. Fore tibia without pd; mid tibia with 2 pd on middle third.
Terminalia. Epandrium large and rounded with long setae; cercus short, about 1/3 height of epandrium and with long setae and 2 at apex; postgonite with three basal setae in ventral view; surstylus triangular with about 38 setae; hypandrium U-shaped; phallapodeme about 2.5 times length of hypandrium; mesophallus tubular basally and enlarged to distal end; distiphallus very complex, as in Figs
Rondônia, Mato Grosso, and Mato Grosso do Sul (Brazil).
The specific epithet refers to the large size of the ejaculatory apodeme.
This new species is morphologically similar to P. communis sp. nov. in body and wing length and in the general coloration, but it can be distinguished by the scape and pedicel brown, surstylus triangular with about 38 setae, distiphallus very complex, and very broad ejaculatory apodeme.
Holotype ♂: BRASIL, RO [Rondônia]: Campo Novo. Fazenda Amorim 10°40’6”S, 63°29’0”W – 248m. Malaise trap 6m, 03–15.xii.2011. Amorim, Ament & Riccardi cols. [MZUSP]. Paratypes: same data as holotype, 3 ♂ [MZUSP]; 4 ♂ [MNRJ]; 1 ♂, BRASIL, MS [Mato Grosso do Sul]: Corguinho, Taboco. Reserva Quinta do Sol. 19°46’36.8”S, 055°14’55.7”W. Malaise 14. 29.viii-12.ix.2012. Lamas, Nihei & Eq. cols. [MZUSP]; 1 ♀, Corumbá. B.E.P. Paratudal. 19°34’11.04”S, 057°01’08.5”W. Malaise 01. 01–16.viii.2012. Lamas, Nihei & eq. cols. [MZUSP] (Fig.
Male. Body length 2.9 mm; wing length 2.1 mm (Fig.
Female. Body length 2.0 mm; wing length 1.3 mm (Fig.
Color. Frons mat black, greyish pollinose; fronto-orbital plate and ocellar triangle mat black; upper shiny dark orbit touching ovt and ivt; upper shinning dark orbit touching lunule and face silvery; clypeus mat black; gena greyish-black; scape and pedicel brown; first flagellomere orange brown; arista brown; palpus orange, with black setae apically; proboscis yellow; labellum yellow, with yellow setae; scutum and all pleurae uniformly brown, grey pollinose; haltere entirely light yellow; calypters light yellow, with margin and fringe brown; wing clear, yellow at base; legs dark brown; pulvilli yellow; abdomen entirely brown.
Head. Frons slightly visible above eye margin in lateral profile; 2 reclinate ors and 2 reclinate inwards ori, similar in size; interfrontal hairs absent; orbital setulae erect in one row; facial keel undifferenciated; eye height/parafacialia+gena: 9; ocellar triangle short, ending well before second ors; lunule high, 25% of frons length; clypeus rounded; epistoma height 0.06 mm; first flagellomere rounded and finely pubescent; arista long, slightly longer than vertical height of eye, finely pubescent; vibrissa long and strong, measuring half of aristal length.
Thorax. Acr in six irregular rows; prsc absent; 1+3 dc, increasing in size from prescutelar; 2 npl, anterior one shorter than posterior. Wings. Wing tip nearer to R4+5 than M; R4+5 and M erect; C sections 2–4 in proportions: 0.71:0.14:0.14; ultimate section of CuA1 1.37 length of basal section; r-m distal midpoint of dm. Legs. Fore tibia without pd; mid tibia with 1 pd on middle third.
Terminalia. Epandrium rounded with long setae (Fig.
(66–70 Phytobia multisetosa sp. nov.: (66) epandrium; (67) phallus, lateral view; (68) ejaculatory apodeme; (69) oviscape; (70) spermathecae; (71–75) P. niheii sp. nov.: (71) phallus, lateral view; (72) phallus, ventral view; (73) ejaculatory apodeme; (74) oviscape; (75) spermathecae. Scale bars: 66, 67, 69, 71, 72, 74 = 0.2 mm, 68, 70, 73, 75 = 0.1 mm.
Rondônia and Mato Grosso do Sul (Brazil).
The specific epithet refers to the great number of setae on surstylus.
This new species closely resembles P. simpla sp. nov. in wing length and general color of the body, but differs in having the frons mat black, greyish pollinose, and the presence of four setae on apex of postgonite, surstylus triangular with about 45 setae, phallapodeme about twice the length of hypandrium, distiphallus elongated, and ejaculatory apodeme broad with straight constriction.
Holotype ♂: BRASIL: RO [Rondônia]: Campo Novo. Fazenda Amorim 10°40’6”S, 63°29’0”W – 248m. Malaise trap, 03–15.xii.2011. Amorim, Ament & Riccardi cols. [MZUSP]. Paratypes: same data as holotype, 3 ♂ [MZUSP]; 4 ♂ [MNRJ]; BRASIL: MS [Mato Grosso do Sul]: Aquidauana. Malaise 7. 20°26’03.7”S, 055°39’20.8”W. 22.viii-11.ix.2012. Lamas, Nihei & Eq. cols., 1 ♀ [MZUSP] (Fig.
Male. Body length 2.1 mm; wing length 1.7 mm (Fig.
Female. Body length 2.4 mm; wing length: 1.75 mm (Fig.
Color. Frons, fronto-orbital plate and ocellar triangle mat black; upper dark orbit touching ovt and ivt; lunule silvery; face brown; clypeus black subshining; gena dark brown; scape and pedicel brown; first flagellomere brown, yellow apically; arista brown; palpus yellow; proboscis yellow; labellum yellow, with yellow setae; scutum brown with grey pollinose, light yellow before scutellum (Fig.
Head. Frons slightly visible above the eye margin in lateral profile; 2 reclinate ors and 2 inclinate inwards ori, similar in size; orbital setulae erect, in one row; eye bare; facial keel undifferenciated; eye height/parafacialia+gena: 8; ocellar triangle short, ending before the second ors; lunule slightly high, 16,6% of frons length; clypeus obtuse; epistoma height 0.05 mm; first flagellomere rounded and finely pubescent; arista long, more than 2/3 of the vertical height of eye, finely pubescent; vibrissa short and strong, measuring 1/3 of the aristal length.
Thorax. Acr in six irregular rows; prsc absent; 1+3 dc, increasing in length from presutural; 2 npl, similar in size. Wings. Wing tip between R4+5 and M; R4+5 and M erect; C sections 2–4 in proportion: 0.58: 0.25: 0.16; ultimate section of CuA1 1.14 length of basal section; r-m distal to midpoint of dm. Legs. Fore tibia without pd; mid tibia with 1 pd on middle third.
Terminalia. Epandrium triangular with long setae; cercus short, about 1/3 height of epandrium and with setae; surstylus short, with about 19 setae; hypandrium U-shaped and short; phallapodeme about three times length of hypandrium; basiphallus with two arms; distiphallus straight (Figs
Rondônia and Mato Grosso do Sul (Brazil).
The specific epithet is in honor of Dr. Silvio Nihei (Universidade de São Paulo) in recognition of his great contribution to our knowledge of the Neotropical Diptera.
This new species is morphologically similar to P. cacaulandia sp. nov., but can be distinguished by the clear wing, only one median seta on mid tibiae, and male terminalia with a conspicuously triangular epandrium, surstylus short, with about 19 setae, phallapodeme long, about three times the length of hypandrium, basiphallus with two arms, distiphallus straight, and ejaculatory apodeme small.
Holotype ♂: BRASIL, MS [Mato Grosso do Sul]: Corguinho, Taboco, Reserva Quinta do Sol. 19°46’45.4”S, 55°14’36.2”W. 12–29.viii.2011. Malaise 13. Lamas, Nihei & eq. cols. [MZUSP]. Paratypes: same data as holotype, 1 ♂ [MNRJ]; 1 ♀, 29.viii-12.ix.2012 [MZUSP] (Fig.
Male. Body length 2.1 mm; wing length 2.0 mm (Fig.
Female. Body length 2.7 mm; wing length 2.2 mm (Fig.
Color. Frons mat black; fronto-orbital plate shining black; upper dark orbit touching ov and ivt; ocellar triangle mat black; lunule grey; face black with grey pollinose; clypeus black subshinig; gena dark brown; antenna and arista entirely brown; palpus brown; proboscis light brown; labellum light brown, with brown setae; scutum dark brown, weakly shining; scutellum dark brown; postpronotum, notopleuron, anepimeron, anepisternum, katepimeron, katepisternum and meron dark brown; haltere entirely yellow; calypters light yellow with margin and fringe black; wing clear, yellow at base; legs dark brown; pulvilli yellow; abdomen entirely shining dark brown.
Head. Frons slightly visible above eye margin in lateral profile; 2 reclinate ors and 2 reclinate inwards ori, similar in size; orbital setulae erect in one row; facial keel undiferenciated; eye height/parafacialia+gena: 0.5; ocellar triangle short, ending before second ors; lunule high, 20% of frons length; clypeus rounded; epistoma height 0.04 mm; first flagellomere rounded and finely pubescent; arista long, more than 2/3 of vertical height of eye, finely pubescent; palpus flattened; vibrissa short and strong, measuring about 1/3 of aristal length.
Thorax. Acr in eight irregular rows; prsc present; 1+3 dc, presutural and first postsutural with same size, smaller than second and third, this longer than anterior one; 2 npl, anterior one shorter than posterior one. Wings. Wing tip nearer to R4+5 than to M; R4+5 and M erect; C sections 2–4: 0.60:0.20:0.20; ultimate section of vein CuA1 1.1 the length of basal section; r-m distal to midpoint of dm. Legs. Fore tibia without pd; mid tibia with 3 pd on the middle third.
Terminalia. Epandrium large and rounded with long setae; cercus long, about 2/3 height of epandrium and with long setae; postgonite with two basal setae in lateral view; surstylus oblong with about 13–20 setae; hypandrium U-shaped; phallapodeme about 2.5 times the length of the hypandrium; mesophallus sclerotized; distiphallus tulip-shaped (Figs
(76–80) Phytobia planipalpis sp. nov.: (76) phallus, lateral view; (77) phallus, ventral view; (78) ejaculatory apodeme; (79) oviscape; (80) spermathecae. (81–86) P. pyri sp. nov.: (81) phallus, lateral view; (82) phallus, ventral view; (83) ejaculatory apodeme; P. simpla sp. nov.: (84) phallus, lateral view; (85) phallus, ventral view; (86) ejaculatory apodeme. Scale bars: 76, 77, 79, 81, 82, 84, 85 = 0.2 mm,78, 80, 83, 86 = 0.1 mm.
Mato Grosso do Sul (Brazil).
The specific epithet is derived from the Latin words planus (flat) and palpis (palpus), referring to the flattened palpus of the species.
This new species is morphologically similar to P. kallima in the dark coloration of the body, but it can be distinguished by the hyaline wing, palpus flattened, postgonite with two setae, surstylus with about 13–20 setae, and a distinct tulip-shaped distiphallus.
Holotype ♂: BRASIL: RO [Rondônia]: Porto Velho. Rio Madeira – Ahe Jirau 9°24’14.60”S, 64°49’58.20”W. Malaise, 17–29.vii.2013. F.A. Fernandes & M.F. Sousa cols. [MZUSP]. Paratype: 1 ♂, Campo Novo, Fazenda Amorim. 10°40’6”S, 63°29’0”W – 248 m, Malaise trap 6 m, 03–15.xii. 2011, Amorim, Ament & Riccardi cols. [MNRJ] (Fig.
Male. Body length 3.0 mm; wing length 2.8 mm (Fig.
Female. Unknown.
Color. Frons mat black; fronto-orbital plate and ocellar triangle weakly shining black; upper shining dark orbit touching ovt and ivt; lunule silvery; face greyish-black; clypeus black subshining; gena dark brown; antenna and arista entirely brown; palpus brown; proboscis brownish-yellow; labellum brownish-yellow, with light setae; scutum shining black, with yellow area before scutellum, black intra-alar area of scutum almost reaching scutellum and forming one short band divided by narrow yellow stripe (Fig.
Head. Frons not visible above eye margin in lateral profile; 2 reclinate ors and 2 inclinate inwards ori, similar in size; orbital setulae erect in one row; facial keel undiferenciated; eye height/parafacialia+gena: 0.9; ocellar triangle short, ending before second ors; lunule high, 11% of frons length; clypeus rounded; epistoma height 0.03 mm; first flagellomere rounded and finely pubescent; arista long, more than 2/3 of vertical height of eye, short pubescent; vibrissa short and strong, measuring about 1/3 of aristal length.
Thorax. Acr in seven irregular rows; prsc absent; 1+3 dc, increasing in size from presutural; 2 npl, similar in size. Wings. Wing tip between R4+5 and M; R4+5 and M slightly recurved; C sections 2–4: 0.69:0.15:0.15; ultimate section of CuA1 0.58 length of basal section; r-m distal to midpoint of dm, close to limit of apical third. Legs. Fore tibia without pd; mid tibia with 2 pd on middle third.
Terminalia. Epandrium rounded setulose with long setae; cercus long, about 2/3 height of epandrium setulose and with long setae; surstylus rounded, with 6–11 setae; hypandrium U-shaped; phallapodeme about 2.5 length of hypandrium; basiphallus bifid; mesophallus rounded; distiphallus membranous, pear-shaped in dorsal view (Figs
Rondônia (Brazil).
The specific epithet refers to the pear-shaped distiphallus.
Phytobia pyri sp. nov. is similar to P. monsonensis Sasakawa, 1992, from Peru, in the general coloration of the body, chaetotaxy and the length of the phallapodeme (2.5 mm) in relation to the length of the hypandrium. However, the new species can be differentiated by the length of the body and wing, lunule silver, mid tibiae with two posterodorsal setae on middle third, surstylus with 6–11 setae and the phallus shape with distiphallus membranous and pear-shaped in dorsal view.
Holotype ♂: BRASIL, RO [Rondônia]: Campo Novo. Fazenda Amorim 10°40’6”S, 63°29’0”W – 248m. Malaise trap, 03–15.xii.2011. Amorim, Ament & Riccardi cols. [MZUSP]. Paratypes: same data as holotype, 2 ♂ [MZUSP]; 2 ♂ [MNRJ] (Fig.
Male. Body length 2.5 mm; wing length 2.0–2.3 mm (Fig.
Female. Unknown.
Color. Frons and fronto-orbital plate mat black, with basal half reddish-brown; upper dark orbit touching ovt and ivt; ocellar triangle mat black, grey pollinose; lunule and face grey; clypeus mat black; gena brown; scape and pedicel orange; first flagellomere brown, orange apically; arista brown; palpus brown, with black setae apically; proboscis yellow; labellum yellow, with yellow setae; scutum brown, grey pollinose; scutellum greyish-black, postpronotum and notopleuron brown, grey pollinose; anepimeron brown; anepisternum greyish-brown; katepimeron, katepisternum and meron dark brown; haltere entirely yellow; calypters light yellow, with margin and fringe black; wing clear; legs brown; pulvilli yellow; abdomen entirely brown.
Head. Frons slightly visible above eye margin in lateral profile; 2 reclinate ors and 2 inclinate inwads ori, similar in size; orbital setulae erect in one row; facial keel undifferentiated; eye height/gena+parafacialia: 5; ocellar triangle short, ending before second ors; lunule high, about 20% of frons length; clypeus rounded; epistoma height 0.03 mm; first flagellomere rounded and finely pubescent; arista long, with same measure of vertical height of eye, minutely pubescent; vibrissa long and strong, measuring almost half of aristal length.
Thorax. Acr in eight irregular rows; prsc present; 1+3 dc, increasing in length from prescutellar; 2 npl, anterior longer than posterior. Wings. Wing tip between R4+5 and M; R4+5 and M erect; C sections in proportion: 2–4: 0.64:0.17:0.17; ultimate section of CuA1 0.5 length of basal section; r-m distal to midpoint of dm. Legs. Fore tibia without pd; mid tibia with 1 pd on middle third.
Terminalia. Epandrium rounded, wider than heigh, with long setae; cercus long, about 2/3 height of epandrium and with long setae and distinct seta at apex; surstylus rounded with about 10 setae; hypandrium U-shaped with small projection on apex; phallapodeme about twice length of hypandrium; mesophallus simple and thin; distiphallus sclerotized with two medium arms (Figs
Rondônia (Brazil).
The specific epithet refers to the simple shape of the phallus.
Phytobia simpla sp. nov. is morphologically similar to P. multisetosa sp. nov. in the length of the wing and color of the scutum, brown grey pollinose. It can be distinguished by the frons mat black, with basal half brown close to lunule, surstylus rounded with about 10 setae and distiphallus sclerotized with two medium arms.
Holotype ♂: BRASIL, MT [Mato Grosso]: Chapada dos Guimarães – Vale da Benção. 15°26’10”S, 55°47’23”W. 11.vii.2012, varredura [sweeping net], Sousa, V.R. col. [MZUSP]. Paratypes: same data as holotype, 1 ♂ [MZUSP]; 1 ♂, BRASIL: MT [Mato Grosso], Chapada dos Guimarães (Cerrado) – Trilha da Pedra – final (mirante). 15°24’21.8”S, 055°50’07.5”W. Malaise 22. 18.iv-02.vii.2012. Lamas, Nihei & Eq. cols. [MNRJ]; 1 ♂, 17.i-09.iii.2012 [MNRJ] (Fig.
Male. Body length 1.8 mm; wing length 1.7 mm (Fig.
Female. Unknown.
Color. Frons mat black; fronto-orbital plate weakly shining black; upper dark orbit touching ovt and ivt; ocellar triangle mat black; lunule silvery; face greyish-black; clypeus black, slightly shiny; gena brown; antenna and arista entirely blackish-brown; palpus brown; proboscis light yellow; labellum light yellow, with yellow setae; scutum weakly shining black, strongly yellow laterally and before scutellum, black intra-alar area of scutum not reaching scutellum and forming two distinct bands divided by narrow yellow stripe (Fig.
Head. Frons not visible above eye margin in lateral profile; 2 reclinate ors and 2 inclinate inwards ori, similar in size; orbital setulae slightly reclinate in one row; facial keel undifferentiated; eye margins little divergent towards vertex; eye height/gena+parafacialia: 5; ocellar triangle short, ending before second ors; lunule high, 17.6% of frons length; clypeus rounded; epistoma height 0.02 mm; first flagellomere rounded and finely pubescent; arista longer than eye height, finely pubescent; vibrissa short and thin, measuring less than 1/3 of aristal length.
Thorax. Acr in seven irregular rows; prsc absent; 1+3 dc, increasing in length from presutural; 2 npl, similar in size. Wings. Wing tip nearer to R4+5 than to M; R4+5 and M erect; C sections 2–4 in proportion: 0.58:0.25:0.16; ultimate section of CuA1 0.9 length of basal section; r-m distal to midpoint of dm. Legs. Fore tibia without pd; mid tibia with 2 pd on middle third.
Terminalia. Epandrium rounded with long setae; cercus very long, with almost same size of height of epandrium and with long setae and distinct seta on apex in lateral view; postgonite with one basal seta in ventral view; surstylus rounded with about 8–13 setae and two strong spines; hypandrium U-shaped; phallapodeme about twice length of hypandrium; mesophallus tubular; distiphallus bulb-shaped with one apical spine on each side (Figs
(87–89) Phytobia spinifera sp. nov.: (87) phallus, lateral view; (88) phallus, ventral view; (89) ejaculatory apodeme; (90–92) P. spinosula sp. nov.: (90) phallus, lateral view; (91) phallus, ventral view; (92) ejaculatory apodeme. Scale bars: 87, 88, 90, 91 = 0.2 mm, 89, 92 = 0.1 mm.
Mato Grosso (Brazil).
The specific epithet refers to the presence of two spines on the distiphallus.
This new species is close to P. delicata sp. nov. in external characteristics and coloration of the body, but it can be distinguished by the male terminalia with a basal seta on postgonite, surstylus with about 11–13 setae and two strong spines, and distiphallus bulb-shaped with one apical spine on each side.
Holotype ♂: BRASIL: MS [Mato Grosso do Sul]: Corumbá. BEP – Trans. Ciliar/Paratudal 19°34’20.09”S, 57°00’57.09”W. Malaise 2. 31.i-15.ii.2012. Lamas, Nihei & eq. cols. [MZUSP]. Paratypes: 2 ♂, Malaise 02, 01–16.i.2012 [MNRJ]; 1 ♂, 01–16.iii.2012, Malaise 03 [MZUSP] (Fig.
Male. Body length 2.75 mm; wing length 2.5 mm (Fig.
Female. Unknown.
Color. Frons mat black; fronto-orbital plate shining black; upper dark orbit touching ovt and ivt; ocellar triangle mat black; lunule silvery; face dark brown; clypeus black subshining; gena dark brown; antenna and arista entirely brown; palpus brown; proboscis brown; labellum brown, with brown setae; scutum and scutellum shining dark brown; postpronotum, notopleuron, anepimeron, anepisternum, katepimeron, katepisternum, meron and haltere entirely yellow; calypters light yellow with margin and fringe black; wing clear, yellow at base; legs dark brown; pulvilli yellow; abdomen entirely dark brown.
Head. Frons not visible above eye margin in lateral profile; 2 reclinate ors and 2 inclinate inwards ori, similar in size; orbital setulae slightly reclinate in one row; eye bare; facial keel undifferenciated; eye height/gena+parafacialia: 0.7; ocellar triangle short, ending before ors; lunule high and large, about 21% of frons length; clypeus rounded; epistoma height 0.05 mm; first flagellomere rounded and finely pubescent; arista as long as vertical height of eye, finely pubescent; vibrissa short and strong, about 1/3 of aristal length.
Thorax. Acr in nine irregular rows; prsc present; 0+2 dc, first smaller than last one; 2 npl, similar in size. Wings. Wing tip between R4+5 and M; R4+5 and M erect; C sections 2–4 in proportion: 0.58:0.23:0.17; ultimate section of vein CuA1 0.75 length of basal section; r-m past middle point of dm. Legs. Fore tibia without pd; mid tibia with 2 pd on middle third.
Terminalia. Epandrium large and rounded with long setae; cercus short, about 1/3 height of epandrium and with long setae; surstylus rounded with about 12–16 setae; hypandrium U-shaped; phallapodeme about twice length of hypandrium; basiphallus simple, membranous; mesophallus tubular; distiphallus bifid with very spinose surrounding membrane (Figs
Mato Grosso do Sul (Brazil).
The specific epithet refers to the spinous membrane around the phallus.
This species is morphologically close to P. unica Spencer (in
1 | Presutural dorsocentral seta absent | 2 |
– | Presutural dorsocentral seta present | 7 |
2 | Two postsutural dorsocentral setae | 3 |
– | Three postsutural dorsocentral setae | 4 |
3 | Mid tibia with one posterodorsal seta on middle third [surstylus entirely separated by suture from epandrium, thickly covered with short setae; cercus long; hypandrium unusually elongate, constricted towards apex (Fig. |
P. unica Spencer, 1973 |
– | Mid tibia with two posterodorsal setae on middle third [surstylus rounded with about 12–16 setae; hypandrium U-shaped; basiphallus simple, membranous; mesophallus tubular; distiphallus bifid with very spiny surrounding membrane (Figs |
P. spinosula sp. nov. |
4 | Mid tibia with one posterodorsal seta on middle third | 5 |
– | Mid tibia with two posterodorsal setae on middle third | 6 |
5 | Frons black [epandrium densely setulose; surstylus with about 37 spines, including 6–7 minute ones; cercus with dense setae; hypandrium about 4/5 length of phallapodeme (Fig. |
P. mentula Sasakawa, 1992 |
– | Frons brownish-black on upper part and orange-brown lowerly [cercus ¾ as high as epandrium; surstylus separated from epandrium, broadened posteriorly, bearing 35–37 spines (Fig. |
P. guatemalensis Sasakawa, 2005 |
6 | Scape and pedicel yellow; frons with dorsal half brownish-black and ventral half testaceous; mid and hind tibiae entirely light brown [surstylus with 23–26 spines; hypandrium slightly shorter than phallapodeme (Fig. |
P. pipinna Sasakawa, 1992 |
– | Scape and pedicel dark brown; frons egg yellow in lower half and yellow pollinose on upper half; all legs dark brown, fore knees yellow [postgonite with basal seta in ventral view; surstylus rounded with about 11–18 setae; hypandrium U-shaped; distiphallus as in Figs |
P. flavifrontalis sp. nov. |
7 | Abdomen entirely black | 8 |
– | Abdomen mostly yellow | 12 |
8 | Wing spotted [surstylus oblong and large with about 23–32 setae; hypandrium U-shaped; distiphallus as in Figs |
P. kallima (Frost, 1936) |
– | Wing not spotted | 9 |
9 | Mid tibia with three posterodorsal setae on middle third [postgonite with two basal setae in lateral view; surstylus oblong with about 13–20 setae; hypandrium U-shaped; mesophallus sclerotized; distiphallus tulip-shaped (Figs |
P. planipalpis sp. nov. |
– | Mid tibia with one or two posterodorsal setae on middle third | 10 |
10 | Medium sized species, wing length 3.4 mm; scutum deep black, moderately shining [surstylus rounded, only with hairs, without setae on inner margin; hypandrium with broad arms; phallus asymmetrical (Fig. |
P. peruensis Spencer, 1977 |
– | Smaller species, wing length 2.1–2.3 mm; scutum brown, grey pollinose | 11 |
11 | Frons mat black, greyish pollinose [postgonite with four setae on apex; surstylus triangular with about 45 setae (Fig. |
P. multisetosa sp. nov. |
– | Frons mat black, with basal half reddish-brown or reddish-brown close to lunule [surstylus rounded with about 10 setae; hypandrium U-shaped with small projection on apex; distiphallus sclerotized with two medium arms (Figs |
P. simpla sp. nov. |
12 | Legs entirely brown or black | 13 |
– | Legs with at least the anterior knee yellow | 18 |
13 | First flagellomere testaceous-orange [epandrium slightly narrowed ventrally, with surstylus curved and bearing many setae and spinous process posteriorly (Fig. |
P. spinulosa Sasakawa, 1992 |
– | First flagellomere black | 14 |
14 | Dorsocentrals 1+4 [scutum brownish-black, whitish-grey dusted, subshining, broadly yellow posteriorly adjoining scutellum and laterally (Fig. |
P. setitibialis Sasakawa, 1992 |
– | Dorsocentrals 1+3 | 15 |
15 | Scutum with dark area conspicuously mat grey, dark area not divided into separate bands laterally (Fig. |
P. matura Spencer, 1973 |
– | Scutum moderately or largely shining black | 16 |
16 | Abdomen yellow, with last segment black [phallus with distinctly elongated distal tubules (Fig. |
P. xanthophora (Schiner, 1868) |
– | Abdomen yellow, with tergites 5 and 6 with lateral and central bands | 17 |
17 | Phallus as in Figs |
P. ecuadorensis Spencer, 1977 |
– | Phallus as in Figs |
P. picta (Coquillett) |
18 | Wing distinctly brown along anterior margin | 19 |
– | Wing not brown along anterior margin | 22 |
19 | Wing length 5.1 mm in male; first flagellomere orange [lower part of frons orange; scutum mat black, with central yellow rectangular area in front at level of 2nd dorsocentral, broadening behind adjoining scutellum (Fig. |
P. lanei Spencer, 1966 |
– | Wing length at least 4.0 mm in male; first flagellomere brown or black | 20 |
20 | Dorsocentrals postsutural 4 [wing spotted (Fig. |
P.
rabelloi
|
– | Dorsocentrals postsutural 3 | 21 |
21 | Lunule yellow, whitish pruinose; one posterodorsal seta on middle third [surstylus separated from epandrium, bearing 20–22 setae (Fig. |
P. monsonensis Sasakawa, 1992 |
– | Lunule silvery; two posterodorsal setae on middle third [surstylus rounded, with 6–11 setae; hypandrium U-shaped; basiphallus bifid; mesophallus rounded; distiphallus membranous, pear-shaped in dorsal view (Figs |
P. pyri sp. nov. |
22 | Dorsocentrals presutural 2 [phallus as in Figs |
P. dorsocentralis (Frost) |
– | Dorsocentral presutural 1 | 23 |
23 | Frons with lower half brown or reddish-brown or reddish-brown above lunule | 24 |
– | Frons entirely mat black | 26 |
24 | Wing length 4.2 mm [scutum mat grey in front, with central rectangular area adjoining scutellum yellow, black of intra-alar area not reaching scutellum and forming two distinct lateral bands divided by narrow yellow stripe (Fig. |
P. kuhlmanni Spencer, 1966 |
– | Wing length 2.25–2.3 mm | 25 |
25 | Scape and pedicel almost entirely orange brown [surstylus rounded, triangular on apex, with about 32 setae; hypandrium U-shaped and short; distiphallus sclerotized with two arms (Figs |
P. communis sp. nov. |
– | Scape and pedicel brown; first flagellomere brown, light brown apically [postgonite with three basal setae in ventral view; surstylus triangular with about 38 setae; hypandrium U-shaped; distiphallus very complex, as in Figs |
P. megapodema sp. nov. |
26 | Wing slightly infuscate with brown area above Sc and in cup cell [surstylus short, rounded with about 11–13 long and strong setae; hypandrium U-shaped; basiphallus rounded; distiphallus short (Figs |
P. cacaulandia sp. nov. |
– | Wing clear | 27 |
27 | Mid tibia with one posterodorsal median seta [surstylus short, with about 19 setae; hypandrium U-shaped and short; phallapodeme about three times length of hypandrium; basiphallus with two arms (Figs |
P. niheii sp. nov. |
– | Mid tibia with two or three posterodorsal median setae | 28 |
28 | Wing length 2.8 mm; lunule testaceous, pruinose [head (Fig. |
P. resupitata Zlobin, 2008 |
– | Wing length 1.7 to 2.2 mm; lunule silvery | 29 |
29 | Mid tibia with three posterodorsal median setae [postgonite with three basal setae in ventral view; surstylus with 10–11 setae; hypandrium U-shaped; distiphallus with median constriction (Figs |
P. amazonica sp. nov. |
– | Mid tibia with only two posterodorsal median setae | 30 |
30 | Abdomen yellow, with brown stripes on tergites 3–5, tergite 6 almost entirely brown, terminalia brown [postgonite with 3–4 short setae on apex; surstylus rounded, with about 12 setae; hypandrium U-shaped; distiphallus rounded with two sclerotized areas centrally (Figs |
P. lamasi sp. nov. |
– | Abdomen yellow with only brown spot on T5 and T6 | 31 |
31 | Epandrium rounded with long setae; cercus long with long setae and one distinct seta on apex in lateral view; postgonite with one basal seta in ventral view; surstylus rounded with about 8–13 setae and two strong spines; hypandrium U-shaped; mesophallus tubular; distiphallus bulb-shaped with one apical spine on each side (Figs |
P. spinifera sp. nov. |
– | Epandrium rounded with long setae; cercus long with long setae; surstylus rounded with about 11–19 setae; hypandrium U-shaped; distiphallus membranous, sclerotized centrally (Figs |
P. delicata sp. nov. |
Phytobia unica: (93) hypandrium; (94) phallus, lateral view; (95) phallus, ventral view; P. mentula: (96) hypandrium; (97) phallus, lateral view; P. guatemalensis: (98) surstylus; (99) hypandrium; (100) phallus, ventral view; (101) ejaculatory apodeme; P. pipinna: (102) hypandrium; (103) phallus, lateral view; P. peruensis: (104) phallus, lateral view; P. spinulosa: (105) surstylus; (106) phallus, lateral view; (107) phallus, ventral view. Figs 93–95 modified from
Phytobia setitibialis: (108) thorax; (109) surstylus; (110) phallus, lateral view; (111) phallus, ventral view; P. matura: (112) scutum; P. xanthophora: (113) phallus, lateral view; P. ecuadorensis: (114) scutum; (115) abdomen; (116) phallus, lateral view; (117) phallus, ventral view; P. picta: (118) phallus, lateral view; (119) phallus, ventral view; P. lanei: (120) scutum; (121) phallus, lateral view; (122) phallus, ventral view. (Figs 108–111 modified from
Phytobia rabelloi: (123) wing; (124) phallus, lateral view; (125) phallus, ventral view; P. monsonensis: (126) surstylus; (127) phallus, lateral view; (128) phallus, ventral view; P. dorsocentralis: (129) phallus, lateral view; (130) phallus, ventral view; P. kuhlmanni: (131) scutum; (132) phallus, lateral view; (133) phallus, ventral view; P. resupitata: (134) head; (135) scutum; (136) anepsternum; (137) epandrium; (138) hypandrium; (139) postgonite; (140) phallus, lateral view; (141) phallus, ventral view; (142) ejaculatory apodeme. (Figs 123–124, 131–133 modified from
We are very greatful to Carlos Einicker Lamas (Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo) and Silvio Shigueo Nihei (Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de São Paulo) for the opportunity to participate in the SISBIOTA project. We thank Luiz Antonio Alves da Costa (Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro) for the final art of the drawings. Thanks also to Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP process 2010/52314-0) and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq process 563256/2010-9) for the support to the SISBIOTA Diptera Project. We are grateful for the financial supports (VRS: MsC/CNPq process 114102988, MSC: CNPq process 300382/2010-3).